Seo-Friendly Content Writing

Performance marketing

Seo-Friendly Content Writing

They believe that keeping clients informed and involved is key to building trust and achieving long-term success.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Florida online marketing

  1. Instagram marketing services
  2. Voice search optimization
  3. YouTube marketing
  4. Search engine visibility
  5. Responsive web design
  6. Customized SEO solutions
  7. Florida digital marketing experts
  8. Web content optimization
  9. Local business marketing
  10. Personalized marketing campaigns
  11. Branding services
  12. Content-driven SEO
  13. Keyword research
  14. PPC campaign optimization
  15. Programmatic advertising
  16. Facebook Ads management
  17. Digital advertising
  18. Link building
The digital marketing landscape is constantly evolving, and the agency is committed to staying ahead of the curve. The agency's new content creation packages are designed to produce high-quality, engaging content that aligns with each brand's voice and goals. In addition to SEO, the agency excels in web design services that create visually appealing, user-friendly websites. Learn more about Seo-Friendly Content Writing here
Email Marketing: Nurture relationships with personalized email campaigns that drive engagement and conversions. Learn more about Digital Marketing Agency in Florida here. The agency's social media experts develop comprehensive strategies that go beyond simply posting content. By fostering a strong connection with the local community, the agency reinforces its role as a trusted partner for businesses in the region.
This community involvement reflects their commitment to not just helping businesses succeed, but also contributing to the overall growth and well-being of Punta Gorda and the surrounding areas. They take the time to understand each client's vision, values, and goals, fostering a collaborative environment where businesses feel supported every step of the way. In conclusion, Punta Gorda's leading digital marketing agency is a vital partner for Florida brands looking to thrive online.
These success stories highlight the agency's ability to transform local businesses into global players. Whether it's optimizing for voice search, leveraging artificial intelligence for better targeting, or utilizing data analytics for insightful decision-making, these agencies are at the forefront of digital marketing excellence. This specialized service helps businesses optimize their websites for search engines in different countries and languages.

By tailoring content to different cultural norms and time zones, the agency ensures maximum engagement and reach. By embracing new technologies, exploring emerging platforms, and adapting to changing consumer behaviors, they ensure their clients remain competitive in a rapidly changing environment. The agency's team of expert translators and content creators work together to produce culturally relevant and engaging content that resonates with target markets around the world. Personalization is key to connecting with audiences in a crowded digital landscape. Businesses that invest in customized online marketing solutions often see a significant return on investment (ROI), making it a worthwhile endeavor in today's competitive market.

By leveraging these tools, businesses can attract more customers, increase brand awareness, and drive higher conversion rates. Digital strategy consulting These services include search engine optimization (SEO), pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, social media management, content marketing, email marketing, and web design. They focus on creating community-driven platforms where customers feel heard and valued. Their tailored strategies, innovative solutions, and commitment to client success make them a valuable partner in navigating the digital landscape.

By conducting in-depth market research and competitor analysis, the agency identifies the most effective channels and strategies to maximize a business's reach and impact. This strategic approach allows businesses to cultivate a loyal international following while maintaining their local identity. With a focus on cutting-edge technology, personalized strategies, and measurable results, this agency is setting new standards in digital marketing excellence. This collaborative approach not only results in more effective marketing strategies but also creates a sense of partnership and shared success.

From blog posts and articles to video production and graphic design, these services cover all aspects of content marketing. By partnering with local and national influencers, businesses can expand their reach, build brand credibility, and engage with targeted audiences. In conclusion, Southwest Florida's leading digital marketing agency is delivering proven results for local businesses through tailored strategies, data-driven insights, and innovative solutions. Moreover, the agency's emphasis on data-driven strategies ensures that every marketing decision is backed by solid analytics.

Best Organic Seo Strategies

Best Organic Seo Strategies

In today's competitive business environment, having a trusted digital marketing partner is essential for sustained growth and success. From SEO and content marketing to social media management and pay-per-click advertising, these agencies leverage the latest tools and techniques to deliver measurable results.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Online reputation management

  1. Graphic design
  2. Social media management
  3. Digital media buying
  4. Analytics and reporting
  5. Digital marketing trends
  6. E-commerce marketing solutions
  7. Florida web development
  8. Technical SEO
  9. Custom website design
  10. Retargeting campaigns
  11. Online branding techniques
  12. Website usability testing
  13. Digital branding
  14. Google Ads management
  15. Online lead conversion
  16. Online advertising agency
  17. Marketing strategy development
  18. Local business SEO
  19. Search engine traffic improvement
Punta Gorda's top digital marketing agency offers the expertise, personalized service, and innovative solutions needed to help your business thrive. This commitment to analytics not only provides transparency but also helps businesses understand the return on their marketing investment.

By focusing on measurable outcomes, this agency is helping businesses achieve their online goals and thrive in a competitive marketplace.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Social media advertising

  1. Keyword research
  2. PPC campaign optimization
  3. Programmatic advertising
  4. Facebook Ads management
  5. Digital advertising
  6. Link building
  7. Web presence enhancement
  8. Online marketing strategies
  9. Video marketing
  10. Landing page optimization
  11. Florida SEO specialists
  12. Digital marketing workshops
  13. Google Analytics consulting
  14. Online reputation management
  15. Florida online marketing
  16. Off-page SEO
  17. Social media marketing
In conclusion, local businesses in Southwest Florida can greatly benefit from partnering with a digital marketing agency that understands their unique needs and market environment. This combination of local insight and global perspective allows businesses to expand their reach while maintaining a strong connection with their core audience.

Similarly, a Southwest Florida hospitality brand has seen a surge in global bookings after implementing multilingual content and global social media strategies. Businesses that have already implemented these innovative packages are seeing remarkable results. By leveraging their in-depth knowledge of the regional market, the agency continues to deliver personalized strategies that resonate with local audiences.

From local retailers in Naples seeing a surge in online sales to hospitality businesses in Tampa boosting their bookings through targeted digital campaigns, the results speak for themselves. By analyzing this data, they create highly targeted marketing campaigns that speak directly to the interests and needs of different audience segments. Businesses that have embraced the agency's new services are already seeing impressive results.



Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Google Analytics consulting

  • Social media management
  • Digital media buying
  • Analytics and reporting
  • Digital marketing trends
  • E-commerce marketing solutions
  • Florida web development
  • Technical SEO
  • Custom website design
  • Retargeting campaigns
  • Online branding techniques
  • Website usability testing
  • Digital branding
  • Google Ads management
  • Online lead conversion
  • Online advertising agency

Seo-Friendly Content Writing Advertising Agency

While the agency is firmly rooted in Southwest Florida, its influence extends far beyond regional borders.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Google search optimization

  1. Performance marketing
  2. Digital strategy consulting
  3. Florida marketing consultants
  4. Email marketing
  5. Google search optimization
  6. Influencer partnerships
  7. On-page optimization
  8. Digital marketing audits
  9. Web design
  10. Social media advertising
  11. Google Maps marketing
  12. Google My Business optimization
  13. Data analytics for marketing
  14. Google Analytics consulting
  15. Online reputation management
  16. Florida online marketing
  17. Off-page SEO
  18. Social media marketing
Their customized approach ensures that each client's unique goals and challenges are addressed with precision and creativity. This dedication to personalized service fosters trust and long-term partnerships, which are essential for sustained business growth. From increased website traffic and higher search engine rankings to improved customer engagement and sales conversions, the benefits are manifold. Influencer marketing is another effective way the agency helps businesses connect with their audiences.
In today's fast-evolving digital landscape, businesses need more than just a basic online presence to stand out-they need creative, engaging, and consistent content that resonates with their audience. Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising: Targeted ad campaigns that deliver immediate results and maximize your return on investment.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Online reputation management

  1. Link building
  2. Web presence enhancement
  3. Online marketing strategies
  4. Video marketing
  5. Landing page optimization
  6. Florida SEO specialists
  7. Digital marketing workshops
  8. Social media marketing
  9. Competitor analysis
  10. SEO services
  11. Multi-location SEO strategies
  12. Digital PR services
  13. Online customer engagement
  14. Website development
  15. CRM integration
  16. Marketing analytics tools
  17. Conversion rate optimization
  18. Search engine marketing (SEM)
  19. Online traffic growth
  20. Marketing automation
By integrating these services, the agency creates cohesive marketing strategies that drive traffic, engage audiences, and convert leads into loyal customers. Each sector has its own set of opportunities and challenges, and local agencies are well-equipped to navigate these nuances.
Workshops, webinars, and one-on-one training sessions are common offerings, empowering business owners with the knowledge to understand and contribute to their marketing efforts. Read more about Seo-Friendly Content Writing here Through regular engagement, responding to comments, and initiating meaningful conversations, businesses can build loyal online communities that drive long-term success. In conclusion, unlocking your business potential in today's digital world requires more than just an online presence-it demands a strategic, tailored approach that resonates with your audience and drives meaningful results. Businesses across Florida have experienced remarkable growth through their partnership with the agency.
The agency carefully selects influencers whose followers align with the brand's customer base, ensuring authentic and impactful collaborations. They offer a full suite of digital marketing services, including content marketing, social media management, pay-per-click (PPC) advertising, and email marketing. Social media advertising In today's fast-paced digital world, building genuine connections with audiences is more important than ever. This forward-thinking approach positions businesses for long-term success and growth.



Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Social media marketing

  • Marketing strategy development
  • Local business SEO
  • Search engine traffic improvement
  • User engagement strategies
  • Content marketing strategy
  • E-commerce SEO
  • Instagram marketing services
  • Voice search optimization
  • YouTube marketing
  • Search engine visibility
  • Responsive web design
  • Customized SEO solutions
  • Florida digital marketing experts
  • Web content optimization
  • Local business marketing
  • Personalized marketing campaigns
  • Branding services
  • Content-driven SEO
  • Keyword research
  • PPC campaign optimization
Seo-Friendly Content Writing Advertising Agency
Best Content Marketing Agency

Best Content Marketing Agency

They work closely with businesses to understand their vision and goals, providing regular updates and adjustments to ensure the strategies remain effective. The impact of the agency's strategies is evident in the success stories of businesses across Southwest Florida. By leveraging these tools, businesses can create a strong, cohesive online presence that not only attracts followers but also fosters brand loyalty and customer retention. Web design With the rise of online shopping, the agency has introduced cross-border e-commerce solutions to help businesses expand their online sales globally.

The impact of tailored digital marketing strategies is evident in the success stories of many local businesses.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Web design

  1. Off-page SEO
  2. Social media marketing
  3. Competitor analysis
  4. SEO services
  5. Multi-location SEO strategies
  6. Digital PR services
  7. Online customer engagement
  8. Website development
  9. CRM integration
  10. Marketing analytics tools
  11. Conversion rate optimization
  12. Search engine marketing (SEM)
  13. Online traffic growth
  14. Marketing automation
  15. Content creation
  16. AI-driven marketing tools
  17. Regional SEO targeting
  18. Data-driven marketing
  19. Interactive website design
  20. Graphic design
By conducting thorough market research and audience analysis, the agency ensures that every piece of content and every social media strategy is designed to deliver maximum impact. Regular communication, transparent reporting, and collaborative planning are hallmarks of the agency's client-centric approach.

Content Strategy Development: Comprehensive plans that outline content goals, target audience, and distribution channels. In an era where authentic connections are the key to brand loyalty, partnering with a forward-thinking digital marketing agency has never been more important. By identifying what sets a business apart from its competitors, digital marketing agencies can highlight unique selling points and create compelling campaigns that drive engagement.

Moreover, local agencies prioritize building long-term relationships with their clients. In addition to driving business growth, the agency is deeply involved in the Southwest Florida community. Through storytelling, personalization, interactive content, social media engagement, and user-centric design, the agency helps businesses build meaningful relationships that drive growth and success. Online reputation management

Orlando Seo And Marketing Services

Southwest Florida's premier digital marketing agency is revolutionizing the industry by introducing a suite of new services designed to meet the evolving needs of Florida businesses.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Google Analytics consulting

  • Web presence enhancement
  • Online marketing strategies
  • Video marketing
  • Landing page optimization
  • Florida SEO specialists
  • Digital marketing workshops
  • Influencer partnerships
  • On-page optimization
  • Digital marketing audits
  • Web design
  • Social media advertising
  • Google Maps marketing
  • Google My Business optimization
  • Data analytics for marketing
  • Google Analytics consulting
  • Online reputation management
  • Florida online marketing
In conclusion, Southwest Florida's digital marketing agency is revolutionizing the industry with its innovative services and personalized approach. Google My Business optimization Success stories include higher search engine rankings, increased conversion rates, and enhanced brand recognition. The digital marketing landscape is constantly evolving, with new technologies, platforms, and trends emerging regularly.

This data-driven approach allows for real-time adjustments and optimization, ensuring that marketing campaigns remain effective and aligned with business objectives. This forward-thinking mindset ensures that clients remain competitive in an ever-changing digital world. For example, a local restaurant saw a 50% increase in online reservations after implementing a targeted social media campaign, while a real estate firm experienced a 40% boost in leads through optimized SEO strategies. Google Analytics consulting

A brand's website is often the first point of contact with potential customers. Recognizing this need, Southwest Florida digital marketing agencies are stepping up to provide tailored solutions that align with the unique goals and challenges of local businesses. Furthermore, local digital marketing agencies often engage in community-building activities.

By embracing the latest technologies and trends, the agency empowers Florida businesses to thrive in the digital age. The agency's latest offerings include advanced search engine optimization (SEO) techniques, comprehensive influencer marketing programs, and immersive virtual reality (VR) marketing experiences. Tailored online strategies go beyond generic marketing plans.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing Advertising Agency
Instagram Ads Management

This comprehensive approach simplifies the complexities of international trade, allowing businesses to focus on growth and customer satisfaction. By leveraging advanced analytics tools, they continuously monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) such as website traffic, conversion rates, and customer engagement. Social Media Management: Build and engage with your audience on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter through compelling content and strategic campaigns. By expanding its services to include international SEO, multilingual content marketing, global social media strategies, and cross-border e-commerce solutions, the agency empowers businesses to succeed in both local and international markets. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is at the core of the agency's offerings.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Google Analytics consulting

  • Analytics and reporting
  • Digital marketing trends
  • E-commerce marketing solutions
  • Florida web development
  • Technical SEO
  • Custom website design
  • Retargeting campaigns
  • Online branding techniques
  • Website usability testing
  • Digital branding
  • Google Ads management
  • Online lead conversion
  • Online advertising agency
  • Marketing strategy development
  • Local business SEO
  • Search engine traffic improvement
  • User engagement strategies
  • Content marketing strategy
  • E-commerce SEO

While the agency is deeply rooted in Punta Gorda, their expertise extends far beyond local boundaries. This focus on results means that businesses can clearly see the return on their marketing investment, fostering trust and long-term partnerships. At the core of the agency's success is a commitment to data-driven marketing. Another key aspect of the agency's approach is its emphasis on innovation.
The agency crafts compelling narratives that not only showcase a brand's products or services but also tell the story behind the brand-its mission, values, and the people who make it all happen. From emerging social media platforms to advanced content marketing techniques, the agency's forward-thinking approach ensures businesses stay competitive and relevant. A leading digital marketing agency in the region has established itself as a trusted partner for local businesses, delivering proven results through customized strategies and cutting-edge technology. Unlike larger, impersonal firms, this Punta Gorda agency builds close relationships with its clients, taking the time to understand their vision, goals, and brand identity.
The digital marketing landscape is constantly evolving, with new tools, platforms, and techniques emerging regularly.

Seo-Friendly Content Writing - Google search optimization

  1. Content creation
  2. AI-driven marketing tools
  3. Regional SEO targeting
  4. Data-driven marketing
  5. Interactive website design
  6. Graphic design
  7. Social media management
  8. Digital media buying
  9. Analytics and reporting
  10. Digital marketing trends
  11. E-commerce marketing solutions
  12. Florida web development
  13. Technical SEO
  14. Custom website design
  15. Retargeting campaigns
  16. Online branding techniques
  17. Website usability testing
  18. Digital branding
  19. Google Ads management
Florida online marketing This increased visibility allows local businesses to attract global customers and expand their reach beyond regional borders. This dedication to building long-term partnerships has earned them a reputation as a trusted ally in the business community. Creating content in multiple languages not only broadens a brand's appeal but also fosters trust and connection with non-English-speaking audiences.

Explore Seo-Friendly Content Writing here
Instagram Ads Management

 

Seo or SEO may refer to:

Organisations

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People

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Places

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Other uses

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See also

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Florida
Nickname
Sunshine State[1][2][3]
Motto
Anthem: "Florida" (state anthem), "Old Folks at Home" (state song)
Location of Florida within the United States
Location of Florida within the United States
Country United States
Before statehood Florida Territory
Admitted to the Union March 3, 1845; 179 years ago (1845-03-03) (27th)
Capital Tallahassee
Largest city Jacksonville
Largest county or equivalent Miami-Dade
Largest metro and urban areas South Florida
Government
 
 • Governor Ron DeSantis (R)
 • Lieutenant Governor Jeanette Nuñez (R)
Legislature Florida Legislature
 • Upper house Senate
 • Lower house House of Representatives
Judiciary Supreme Court of Florida
U.S. senators Rick Scott (R)
Ashley Moody (R)
U.S. House delegation 18 Republicans
8 Democrats
2 vacant (list)
Area
 
 • Total
65,758[5] sq mi (170,312 km2)
 • Land 53,625 sq mi (138,887 km2)
 • Water 12,133 sq mi (31,424 km2)  18.5%
 • Rank 22nd
Dimensions
 
 • Length 447 mi (721 km)
 • Width 361 mi (582 km)
Elevation
 
100 ft (30 m)
Highest elevation 345 ft (105 m)
Lowest elevation
(Atlantic Ocean[6])
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 (2024)
 • Total
Neutral increase 23,372,215[7]
 • Rank 3rd
 • Density 414.8/sq mi (160/km2)
  • Rank 7th
 • Median household income
 
$73,300 (2023)[8]
 • Income rank
 
34th
Demonym(s) Floridian, Floridan
Language
 
 • Official language English[9]
 • Spoken language
Time zones
Peninsula and "Big Bend" region UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River UTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
FL
ISO 3166 code US-FL
Traditional abbreviation Fla.
Latitude 24° 27' N to 31° 00' N
Longitude 80° 02' W to 87° 38' W
Website myflorida.com
State symbols of Florida
List of state symbols
Living insignia
Amphibian Barking tree frog
Bird Northern mockingbird
Fish Florida largemouth bass, Atlantic sailfish
Flower Orange blossom
Insect Zebra longwing
Mammal Florida panther, manatee, bottlenose dolphin, Florida Cracker Horse[11]
Reptile American alligator, Loggerhead turtle, Gopher tortoise[11]
Tree Sabal palmetto
Inanimate insignia
Beverage Orange juice
Food Key lime pie, Orange
Gemstone Moonstone
Rock Agatized coral
Shell Horse conch
Soil Myakka
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Florida quarter dollar coin
Released in 2004
Lists of United States state symbols

Florida (/ˈflɒrɪdə/ FLORR-ih-də; Spanish: [floˈɾiða]) is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Straits of Florida and Cuba to the south. About two-thirds of Florida occupies a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, spanning approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), not including its many barrier islands. It is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of over 23 million, it is the third-most populous state in the United States and ranks eighth in population density as of 2020. Florida spans 65,758 square miles (170,310 km2), ranking 22nd in area among the states. The Miami metropolitan area, anchored by the cities of Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach, is the state's largest metropolitan area, with a population of 6.138 million; the most populous city is Jacksonville. Florida's other major population centers include Tampa Bay, Orlando, Cape Coral, and the state capital of Tallahassee.

Various Native American tribes have inhabited Florida for at least 14,000 years. In 1513, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León became the first known European to make landfall, calling the region La Florida (land of flowers) ([la floˈɾiða]). Florida subsequently became the first area in the continental U.S. to be permanently settled by Europeans, with the settlement of St. Augustine, founded in 1565, being the oldest continuously inhabited city. Florida was frequently attacked and coveted by Great Britain before Spain ceded it to the U.S. in 1819 in exchange for resolving the border dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. Florida was admitted as the 27th state on March 3, 1845, and was the principal location of the Seminole Wars (1816–1858), the longest and most extensive of the American Indian Wars. The state seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, becoming one of the seven original Confederate States, and was readmitted to the Union after the Civil War on June 25, 1868.

Since the mid-20th century, Florida has experienced rapid demographic and economic growth. Its economy, with a gross state product (GSP) of $1.647 trillion, is the fourth largest of any U.S. state and the fifteenth-largest in the world; the main sectors are tourism, hospitality, agriculture, real estate, and transportation. Florida is world-renowned for its beach resorts, amusement parks, warm and sunny climate, and nautical recreation; attractions such as Walt Disney World, the Kennedy Space Center, and Miami Beach draw tens of millions of visitors annually. Florida is a popular destination for retirees, seasonal vacationers, and both domestic and international migrants; it hosts nine out of the ten fastest-growing communities in the U.S. The state's close proximity to the ocean has shaped its culture, identity, and daily life; its colonial history and successive waves of migration are reflected in African, European, Indigenous, Latino, and Asian influences. Florida has attracted or inspired some of the most prominent American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes, especially in golf, tennis, auto racing, and water sports. Florida has been considered a battleground state in American presidential elections, particularly those in 2000 and 2016.

Florida's climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. It is the only state besides Hawaii to have a tropical climate, and the only continental state with a coral reef. Florida has several unique ecosystems, including Everglades National Park, the largest tropical wilderness in the U.S. and among the largest in the Americas. Unique wildlife include the American alligator, American crocodile, American flamingo, roseate spoonbill, Florida panther, bottlenose dolphin, and manatee. The Florida Reef is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States, and the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef and the Belize Barrier Reef.

History

[edit]

Paleo-Indians entered Florida at least 14,000 years ago.[12] By the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major groups of people living in Florida included the Apalachee of the Florida Panhandle, the Timucua of northern and central Florida, the Ais of the central Atlantic coast, the Mayaimi of the Lake Okeechobee area, the Tequesta of southeastern Florida, and the Calusa of southwest Florida.[13]

European arrival

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Map of Florida, likely based on the expeditions of Hernando de Soto (1539–1543)
The design of Castillo de San Marcos reflects the colors and shapes of the Cross of Burgundy and the subsequent Flag of Florida.
East Florida and West Florida during the British period of 1763 to 1783

Florida was the first region of what is now the contiguous United States to be visited and settled by Europeans. The earliest known European explorers came with Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2, 1513. He named it Florida (colloquially la Florida) in recognition of the flowery, verdant landscape and because it was the Easter season, which the Spaniards called Pascua Florida (Festival of Flowers). The following day they came ashore to seek information and take possession of this new land.[14][15] The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is mythical and appeared only long after his death.[16]

In May 1539, Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult.[17] Europeans introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Castilian language, and more to Florida.[18] Spain established several settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it one of the first settlements in Florida, but it was mostly abandoned by 1561.

In 1564–1565, there was a French settlement at Fort Caroline, in present Duval County, which was destroyed by the Spanish.[19] Today a reconstructed version of the fort stands in its location within Jacksonville.

In 1565, the settlement of St. Augustine (San Agustín) was established under the leadership of admiral and governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, creating what would become the oldest, continuously occupied European settlements in the continental U.S. and establishing the first generation of Floridanos and the Government of Florida.[20] The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville, and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian, occurred in 1565 in St. Augustine. It is the first recorded Christian marriage in the continental United States.[21]

Some Floridanos married or had unions with Pensacola, Creek, or African women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattoes. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the Thirteen Colonies to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism. King Charles II of Spain issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Florida as early as 1683.[22]

The geographical area of Spanish claims in Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north and French claims to the west. English colonists and buccaneers launched several attacks on St. Augustine in the 17th and 18th centuries, razing the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Spain built the Castillo de San Marcos in 1672 and Fort Matanzas in 1742 to defend Florida's capital city from attacks, and to maintain its strategic position in the defense of the Captaincy General of Cuba and the Spanish West Indies.

In 1738, the governor of Florida Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St. Augustine, a fortified town for escaped slaves to whom Montiano granted citizenship and freedom in return for their service in the Florida militia, and which became the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in North America.[23][24]

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. The trade was done as part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War. Spain was granted Louisiana from France due to their loss of Florida. A large portion of the Florida population left, taking along large portions of the remaining Indigenous population with them to Cuba.[25] The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point called Wacca Pilatka, now the core of Downtown Jacksonville, and formerly referred to by the British name "Cow Ford", reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.[26][27][28]

The British divided and consolidated the Florida provinces (Las Floridas) into East Florida and West Florida, a division the Spanish Crown kept after the brief British period.[29] The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to Florida, reports of its natural wealth were published in England. A number of British settlers who were described as being "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England. There was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This was the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British constructed good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits, as well as the export of lumber.[30][31]

The British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas, and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This was the first introduction of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today, including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government.[30][31] Neither East Florida nor West Florida sent any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida remained a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.[32]

Spain regained both East and West Florida after Britain's defeat in the Revolutionary War and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles in 1783, and continued the provincial divisions until 1821.[33]

Statehood and Indian removal

[edit]
A portrait of a Cracker cowboy by Frederic Remington (1861–1909)

Defense of Florida's northern border with the United States was minor during the second Spanish period. The region became a haven for escaped slaves and a base for Indian attacks against U.S. territories, and the U.S. pressed Spain for reform.

Americans of English and Scots Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the government authorities, they were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to immigrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.[34]

These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish governance, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana) and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

In 1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by the proclamation of President James Madison, who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase. These parts were incorporated into the newly formed Territory of Orleans. The U.S. annexed the Mobile District of West Florida to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied. In 1812, a group of settlers from Georgia, with de facto support from the U.S. federal government, attempted to overthrow the Floridan government in the province of East Florida. The settlers hoped to convince Floridians to join their cause and proclaim independence from Spain, but the settlers lost their tenuous support from the federal government and abandoned their cause by 1813.[35]

Traditionally, historians argued that Seminoles based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."[36]

A U.S. Marine boat searching the Everglades for Seminoles (hiding in foreground) during the Second Seminole War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842

More recent historians describe that after U.S. independence, settlers in Georgia increased pressure on Seminole lands, and skirmishes near the border led to the First Seminole War (1816–1819). The United States purchased Florida from Spain by the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) and took possession in 1821. The Seminole were moved out of their rich farmland in northern Florida and confined to a large reservation in the interior of the Florida peninsula by the Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823). Passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830) led to the Treaty of Payne's Landing (1832), which called for the relocation of all Seminole to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).[37] Some resisted, leading to the Second Seminole War, the bloodiest war against Native Americans in United States history. By 1842, most Seminoles and Black Seminoles, facing starvation, were removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Perhaps fewer than 200 Seminoles remained in Florida after the Third Seminole War (1855–1858), having taken refuge in the Everglades, from where they never surrendered to the US. They fostered a resurgence in traditional customs and a culture of staunch independence.[38]

Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or troops due to the devastation caused by the Peninsular War. Madrid, therefore, decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams–Onís Treaty, which took effect in 1821.[39] President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821, to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance.[40] On behalf of the U.S. government, Andrew Jackson, whom Jacksonville is named after, served as a military commissioner with the powers of governor of the newly acquired territory for a brief period.[41] On March 30, 1822, the U.S. Congress merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.[42]

By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the U.S. government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles offered sanctuary to blacks, and these became known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminoles left at this time.

Some Seminoles remained, and the U.S. Army arrived in Florida, leading to the Second Seminole War (1835–1842). Following the war, approximately 3,000 Seminole and 800 Black Seminole were removed to Indian Territory. A few hundred Seminole remained in Florida in the Everglades.

The Historic Call-Collins House, the Grove, built by slaves in the 1840s, is an antebellum plantation house in Tallahassee.
1840 advertisement in the Pensacola Gazette offering a $10 ($330 in 2022) reward for the return of a fugitive slave.

On March 3, 1845, only one day before the end of President John Tyler's term in office, Florida became the 27th state,[43] admitted as a slave state and no longer a sanctuary for runaway slaves. Initially its population grew slowly.[44]

As European settlers continued to encroach on Seminole lands, the United States intervened to move the remaining Seminoles to the West. The Third Seminole War (1855–1858) resulted in the forced removal of most of the remaining Seminoles, although hundreds of Seminole Indians remained in the Everglades.[45]

The first settlements and towns in South Florida were founded much later than those in the northern part of the state. The first permanent European settlers arrived in the early 19th century. People came from the Bahamas to South Florida and the Keys to hunt for treasure from the ships that ran aground on the treacherous Great Florida Reef. Some accepted Spanish land offers along the Miami River. At about the same time, the Seminole Indians arrived, along with a group of runaway slaves. The area was affected by the Second Seminole War, during which Major William S. Harney led several raids against the Indians. Most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at Fort Dallas. It was the most devastating Indian war in American history, causing almost a total loss of population in Miami.

After the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, William English re-established a plantation started by his uncle on the Miami River. He charted the "Village of Miami" on the south bank of the Miami River and sold several plots of land. In 1844, Miami became the county seat, and six years later a census reported there were ninety-six residents in the area.[46] The Third Seminole War was not as destructive as the second, but it slowed the settlement of southeast Florida. At the end of the war, a few of the soldiers stayed.

Civil War and Reconstruction

[edit]
The Battle of Olustee during the American Civil War in 1864

American settlers began to establish cotton plantations in north Florida, which required numerous laborers, which they supplied by buying slaves in the domestic market. By 1860, Florida had only 140,424 people, of whom 44% were enslaved. There were fewer than 1,000 free African Americans before the American Civil War.[47]

On January 10, 1861, nearly all delegates in the Florida Legislature approved an ordinance of secession,[48][49] declaring Florida to be "a sovereign and independent nation"—an apparent reassertion to the preamble in Florida's Constitution of 1838, in which Florida agreed with Congress to be a "Free and Independent State". The ordinance declared Florida's secession from the Union, allowing it to become one of the founding members of the Confederate States.

The Confederacy received little military help from Florida; the 15,000 troops it offered were generally sent elsewhere. Instead of troops and manufactured goods, Florida did provide salt and, more importantly, beef to feed the Confederate armies. This was particularly important after 1864, when the Confederacy lost control of the Mississippi River, thereby losing access to Texas beef.[50][51] The largest engagements in the state were the Battle of Olustee, on February 20, 1864, and the Battle of Natural Bridge, on March 6, 1865. Both were Confederate victories.[52] The war ended in 1865.

Following the American Civil War, Florida's congressional representation was restored on June 25, 1868, albeit forcefully after Reconstruction and the installation of unelected government officials under the final authority of federal military commanders. After the Reconstruction period ended in 1876, white Democrats regained power in the state legislature. In 1885, they created a new constitution, followed by statutes through 1889 that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites.[53]

In the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key role in the state's development, particularly in coastal areas. In 1883, the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad connected Pensacola and the rest of the Panhandle to the rest of the state. In 1884 the South Florida Railroad (later absorbed by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) opened full service to Tampa. In 1894 the Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Miami. Numerous other railroads were built all over the interior of the state.

20th century

[edit]
Vacationers at the newly opened Don Cesar Hotel in St. Pete Beach, Florida, in 1928

Florida's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane and cattle.[54] The boll weevil devastated cotton crops during the early 20th century.[55][56]

Until the mid-20th century, Florida was the least-populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War.[57] Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the Great Migration. They left due to lynchings and racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West.[58] Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage.

Black and white photograph of segregationists fighting on a beach
White segregationists (foreground) trying to prevent black people from swimming at a "White only" beach in St. Augustine during the 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests

In response to racial segregation in Florida, a number of protests occurred in Florida during the 1950s and 1960s as part of the Civil Rights Movement. In 1956–1957, students at Florida A&M University organized a bus boycott in Tallahassee to mimic the Montgomery bus boycott and succeeded in integrating the city's buses.[59] Students also held sit-ins in 1960 in protest of segregated seating at local lunch counters, and in 1964 an incident at a St. Augustine motel pool, in which the owner poured acid into the water during a demonstration, influenced the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[60]

Economic prosperity in the 1920s stimulated tourism to Florida and related development of hotels and resort communities. Combined with its sudden elevation in profile was the Florida land boom of the 1920s, which brought a brief period of intense land development. In 1925, the Seaboard Air Line broke the FEC's southeast Florida monopoly and extended its freight and passenger service to West Palm Beach; two years later it extended passenger service to Miami. Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt. Florida's economy did not fully recover until the military buildup for World War II.[citation needed]

Miami's Freedom Tower, built in 1925, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

In 1939, Florida was described as "still very largely an empty State."[61] Subsequently, the growing availability of air conditioning, the climate, and a low cost of living made the state a haven. Migration from the Rust Belt and the Northeast sharply increased Florida's population after 1945.[citation needed]

In the 1960s, many refugees from Cuba, fleeing Fidel Castro's communist regime, arrived in Miami at the Freedom Tower, where the federal government used the facility to process, document and provide medical and dental services for the newcomers. As a result, the Freedom Tower was also called the "Ellis Island of the South".[62] In recent decades, more migrants have come for the jobs in a developing economy.

21st century

[edit]
Walt Disney World opened on October 1, 1971, near the cities of Orlando and Kissimmee.

With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.[63] The population of Florida has boomed in recent years with the state being the recipient of the largest number of out-of-state movers in the country as of 2019.[64] Florida's growth has been widespread, as cities throughout the state have continued to see population growth.[65]

In 2012, the killing of Trayvon Martin, a young black man, by George Zimmerman in Sanford drew national attention to Florida's stand-your-ground laws, and sparked African American activism, including the Black Lives Matter movement.[66]

After Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017, a large population of Puerto Ricans began moving to Florida to escape the widespread destruction. Hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans arrived in Florida after Maria dissipated, with nearly half of them arriving in Orlando and large populations also moving to Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach.[67]

Memorials to the victims of the Orlando nightclub shooting left on the fence of the Pulse nightclub in Orlando in 2016

A handful of high-profile mass shootings have occurred in Florida in the 21st century. In June 2016, a gunman killed 49 people at a gay nightclub in Orlando. It is the deadliest incident in the history of violence against LGBT people in the United States, as well as the deadliest terrorist attack in the U.S. since the September 11 attacks in 2001, and it was the deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. In February 2018, 17 people were killed in a school shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, leading to new gun control regulations at both the state and federal level.[68]

On June 24, 2021, a condominium in Surfside, Florida, near Miami collapsed, killing at least 97 people.[69] The Surfside collapse is tied with the Knickerbocker Theatre collapse as the third-deadliest structural engineering failure in United States history, behind the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse and the collapse of the Pemberton Mill.[70][71]

Geography

[edit]

Much of Florida is on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean and the Straits of Florida. Spanning two time zones, it extends to the northwest into a panhandle, extending along the northern Gulf of Mexico. It is bordered on the north by Georgia and Alabama, and on the west, at the end of the panhandle, by Alabama. It is the only state that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Florida also is the southernmost of the 48 contiguous states, Hawaii being the only one of the fifty states reaching farther south. Florida is west of the Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba. Florida is one of the largest states east of the Mississippi River, and only Alaska and Michigan are larger in water area. The water boundary is 3 nautical miles (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean[72] and 9 nautical miles (10 mi; 17 km) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.[72]

At 345 feet (105 m) above mean sea level, Britton Hill is the highest point in Florida and the lowest highpoint of any U.S. state.[73] Much of the state south of Orlando lies at a lower elevation than northern Florida, and is fairly level. Much of the state is at or near sea level. Some places, such as Clearwater have promontories that rise 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) above the water. Much of Central and North Florida, typically 25 mi (40 km) or more away from the coastline, have rolling hills with elevations ranging from 100 to 250 ft (30 to 76 m). The highest point in peninsular Florida (east and south of the Suwannee River), Sugarloaf Mountain, is a 312-foot (95 m) peak in Lake County.[74] On average, Florida is the flattest state in the United States.[75]

Florida is mostly low-lying and flat as this topographic map shows.

Lake Okeechobee, the largest lake in Florida, is the tenth-largest natural freshwater lake among the 50 states of the United States and the second-largest natural freshwater lake contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states, after Lake Michigan.[76] The longest river within Florida is the St. Johns River, at 310 miles (500 km) long. The drop in elevation from its headwaters South Florida to its mouth in Jacksonville is less than 30 feet (9.1 m).

Climate

[edit]
The state tree, Sabal palmetto, flourishes in Florida's overall warm climate.
Köppen map of climate zones in Florida.

The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (Köppen: Aw, Am, and Af).[77] Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32–34 °C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid-January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4–7 °C) in north Florida to above 60 °F (16 °C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.[78][79]

In the summer, high temperatures in the state rarely exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C). Several record cold maxima have been in the 30s °F (−1 to 4 °C) and record lows have been in the 10s (−12 to −7 °C). These temperatures normally extend at most a few days at a time in the northern and central parts of Florida. South Florida rarely dips below freezing.[80] The hottest temperature ever recorded in Florida was 109 °F (43 °C), which was set on June 29, 1931, in Monticello. The coldest temperature was −2 °F (−19 °C), on February 13, 1899, just 25 miles (40 km) away, in Tallahassee.[81][82]

Due to its subtropical and tropical climate, Florida rarely receives measurable snowfall.[83] On rare occasions, a combination of cold moisture and freezing temperatures can result in snowfall in the farthest northern regions like Jacksonville, Gainesville or Pensacola. Frost, which is more common than snow, sometimes occurs in the panhandle.[84] The USDA Plant hardiness zones for the state range from zone 8a (no colder than 10 °F or −12 °C) in the inland western panhandle to zone 11b (no colder than 45 °F or 7 °C) in the lower Florida Keys.[85] Fog also occurs all over the state or climate of Florida.[86]

Average high and low temperatures for various Florida cities
°F Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jacksonville[87] 65/42 68/45 74/50 79/55 86/63 90/70 92/73 91/73 87/69 80/61 74/51 67/44
Miami[88] 76/60 78/62 80/65 83/68 87/73 89/76 91/77 91/77 89/76 86/73 82/68 78/63
Orlando[89] 71/49 74/52 78/56 83/60 88/66 91/72 92/74 92/74 90/73 85/66 78/59 73/52
Pensacola[90] 61/43 64/46 70/51 76/58 84/66 89/72 90/74 90/74 87/70 80/60 70/50 63/45
Tallahassee[91] 64/39 68/42 74/47 80/52 87/62 91/70 92/72 92/72 89/68 82/57 73/48 66/41
Tampa[92] 70/51 73/54 77/58 81/62 88/69 90/74 90/75 91/76 89/74 85/67 78/60 72/54
°C Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Jacksonville 18/6 20/7 23/10 26/13 30/17 32/21 33/23 33/23 31/21 27/16 23/11 19/7
Miami 24/16 26/17 27/18 28/20 31/23 32/24 33/25 33/25 32/24 30/23 28/20 26/17
Orlando 22/9 23/11 26/13 28/16 31/19 33/22 33/23 33/23 32/23 29/19 26/15 23/11
Pensacola 16/6 18/8 21/11 24/14 29/19 32/22 32/23 32/23 31/21 27/16 21/10 17/7
Tallahassee 18/4 20/6 23/8 27/11 31/17 33/21 33/22 33/22 32/20 28/14 23/9 19/5
Tampa 21/11 23/12 25/14 27/17 31/21 32/23 32/24 33/24 32/23 29/19 26/16 22/12

Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country.[93] Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state,[94] in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn.[95] A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.[96]

Florida leads the United States in tornadoes per area (when including waterspouts),[97] but they do not typically reach the intensity of those in the Midwest and Great Plains. Hail often accompanies the most severe thunderstorms.[98]

Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year from June 1 to November 30, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas.[99]

From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.[99] It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.[100]

In 1992, Florida was the site of what was then the costliest weather disaster in U.S. history, Hurricane Andrew, which caused more than $25 billion in damages when it struck during August; it held that distinction until 2005, when Hurricane Katrina surpassed it, and it has since been surpassed by six other hurricanes. Andrew is the second-costliest hurricane in Florida's history.[101]

Fauna

[edit]
An alligator in the Everglades
West Indian manatee

Florida is host to many types of wildlife, including:

As a result of climate change, there have been small numbers of several new species normally native to cooler areas to the north: snowy owls, snow buntings, harlequin ducks, and razorbills. These have been seen in the northern part of the state.[107]

Florida also has more than 1,500 nonnative animal species.[108] Some exotic species living in Florida include the Burmese python, green iguana, veiled chameleon, Argentine black and white tegu, peacock bass, Mayan cichlid, lionfish, white-nosed coati, rhesus macaque, vervet monkey, Cuban tree frog, cane toad, Indian peafowl, monk parakeet and tui parakeet. Some of these nonnative species do not pose a threat to any native species, but some do threaten the native species of Florida by living in the state and eating them.[109]

Flora

[edit]
Red mangroves in Everglades National Park

The state has more than 26,000 square miles (67,000 km2) of forests, covering about half of the state's land area.[110]

There are about 3,000 types of wildflowers in Florida.[111] This is the third-most diverse state in the union, behind California and Texas, both larger states.[112] In Florida, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from Key West to Jupiter Inlet, and up the West Coast from Marco Island to Sarasota. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts deposited by ocean currents. Coconut palms are cultivated north of south Florida to roughly Cocoa Beach on the East Coast and the Tampa Bay area on the West Coast.[113]

On the east coast of the state, mangroves have normally dominated the coast from Cocoa Beach southward; salt marshes from St. Augustine northward. From St. Augustine south to Cocoa Beach, the coast fluctuates between the two, depending on the annual weather conditions.[107] All three mangrove species flower in the spring and early summer. Propagules are produced from late summer through early autumn.[114] Florida mangrove plant communities covered an estimated 430,000 to 540,000 acres (1,700 to 2,200 km2) in Florida in 1981. Ninety percent of the Florida mangroves are in southern Florida, in Collier, Lee, Miami-Dade and Monroe counties.

Reef

[edit]
Fish and corals in John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park near Key Largo

The Florida Reef is the only living coral barrier reef in the continental United States.[115] It is also the third-largest coral barrier reef system in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef and the Belize Barrier Reef.[116] The reef lies a little bit off of the coast of the Florida Keys. A lot of the reef lies within John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, which was the first underwater park in the United States.[117] The park contains a lot of tropical vegetation, marine life, and seabirds. The Florida Reef extends into other parks and sanctuaries as well including Dry Tortugas National Park, Biscayne National Park, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Almost 1,400 species of marine plants and animals, including more than 40 species of stony corals and 500 species of fish, live on the Florida Reef.[118] The Florida Reef, being a delicate ecosystem like other coral reefs, faces many threats including overfishing, plastics in the ocean, coral bleaching, rising sea levels, and changes in sea surface temperature.

Environmental issues

[edit]
American flamingos in South Florida
An American alligator and an invasive Burmese python in Everglades National Park

Florida is a low per capita energy user.[119] As of 2008, it is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.[120] Florida's energy production is 6% of the U.S. total energy output, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 6% for nitrogen oxide, 5% for carbon dioxide, and 4% for sulfur dioxide.[120] Wildfires in Florida occur at all times of the year.[121]

All potable water resources have been controlled by the state government through five regional water authorities since 1972.[122]

Red tide has been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida, as well as other areas. While there has been a great deal of conjecture over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the duration or frequency of red tides.[123] Red tide is now killing off wildlife or Tropical fish and coral reefs putting all in danger.[124]

The Florida panther is close to extinction. A record 23 were killed in 2009, mainly by automobile collisions, leaving about 100 individuals in the wild. The Center for Biological Diversity and others have therefore called for a special protected area for the panther to be established.[125] Manatees are also dying at a rate higher than their reproduction.[126] American flamingos are rare to see in Florida due to being hunted in the 1900s, where it was to a point considered completely extirpated. Now the flamingos are reproducing toward making a comeback to South Florida since it is adamantly considered native to the state and also are now being protected.[127][128]

Much of Florida has an elevation of less than 12 feet (3.7 m), including many populated areas. Therefore, it is susceptible to rising sea levels associated with global warming.[129] The Atlantic beaches that are vital to the state's economy are being washed out to sea due to rising sea levels caused by climate change. The Miami Beach area, close to the continental shelf, is running out of accessible offshore sand reserves.[130] Elevated temperatures can damage coral reefs, causing coral bleaching. The first recorded bleaching incident on the Florida Reef was in 1973. Incidents of bleaching have become more frequent in recent decades, in correlation with a rise in sea surface temperatures. White band disease has also adversely affected corals on the Florida Reef.[131]

Geology

[edit]
The Florida Keys as seen from a satellite, in December 2003[132]

The Florida peninsula is a porous plateau of karst limestone sitting atop bedrock, known as the Florida Platform.

The largest deposits of potash in the United States are found in Florida.[133] The largest deposits of rock phosphate in the country are found in Florida.[133] Most of this is in Bone Valley.[134]

Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents.[135] The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.[136] While there are sinkholes in much of the state, modern sinkholes have tended to be in West-Central Florida.[137][138] Everglades National Park covers 1,509,000 acres (6,110 km2), throughout Dade, Monroe, and Collier counties in Florida.[139] The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.[140] Winter Park Sinkhole, in central Florida, appeared May 8, 1981. It was approximately 350 feet (107 m) wide and 75 feet (23 m) deep. It was one of the largest recent sinkholes to form in the United States. It is now known as Lake Rose.[141] The Econlockhatchee River (Econ River for short) is an 54.5-mile-long (87.7 km)[142] north-flowing blackwater tributary of the St. Johns River, the longest river in the U.S. state of Florida. The Econ River flows through Osceola, Orange, and Seminole counties in Central Florida, just east of the Orlando Metropolitan Area (east of State Road 417). It is a designated Outstanding Florida Waters.[143]

Earthquakes are rare because Florida is not located near any tectonic plate boundaries.[144]

Regions

[edit]
The 67 counties in Florida

Cities and towns

[edit]

The largest metropolitan area in the state as well as the entire southeastern United States is the Miami metropolitan area, with about 6.06 million people. The Tampa Bay area, with more than 3.02 million, is the second-largest; the Orlando metropolitan area, with more than 2.44 million, is third; and the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with more than 1.47 million, is fourth.[145]

Florida has 22 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Forty-three of Florida's 67 counties are in an MSA.

The legal name in Florida for a city, town or village is "municipality". In Florida there is no legal difference between towns, villages and cities.[146]

Florida is a highly urbanized state, with 89 percent of its population living in urban areas in 2000, compared to 79 percent across the U.S.[147]

In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.[148]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Florida
Source:[149]
  Rank Name County Pop. Rank Name County Pop.  
Jacksonville
Jacksonville
Miami
Miami
1 Jacksonville Duval 949,611 11 Pembroke Pines Broward 171,178 Tampa
Tampa
Orlando
Orlando
2 Miami Miami-Dade 442,241 12 Hollywood Broward 153,067
3 Tampa Hillsborough 384,959 13 Gainesville Alachua 141,085
4 Orlando Orange 307,573 14 Miramar Broward 134,721
5 St. Petersburg Pinellas 258,308 15 Coral Springs Broward 134,394
6 Hialeah Miami-Dade 223,109 16 Palm Bay Brevard 119,760
7 Port St. Lucie St. Lucie 204,851 17 West Palm Beach Palm Beach 117,415
8 Tallahassee Leon 196,169 18 Clearwater Pinellas 117,292
9 Cape Coral Lee 194,016 19 Lakeland Polk 112,641
10 Fort Lauderdale Broward 182,760 20 Pompano Beach Broward 112,046

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]
Population density of Florida according to the 2020 census
Cuban American men playing dominoes in Miami's Little Havana. In 2010, Cubans made up 34.4% of Miami's population and 6.5% of Florida's.[150][151]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note
1830 34,730  
1840 54,477   56.9%
1850 87,445   60.5%
1860 140,424   60.6%
1870 187,748   33.7%
1880 269,493   43.5%
1890 391,422   45.2%
1900 528,542   35.0%
1910 752,619   42.4%
1920 968,470   28.7%
1930 1,468,211   51.6%
1940 1,897,414   29.2%
1950 2,771,305   46.1%
1960 4,951,560   78.7%
1970 6,789,443   37.1%
1980 9,746,324   43.6%
1990 12,937,926   32.7%
2000 15,982,378   23.5%
2010 18,801,310   17.6%
2020 21,538,187   14.6%
2024 (est.) 23,372,215 [152] 8.5%
Sources: 1910–2020[153]

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the population of Florida was 21,477,737 on July 1, 2019, a 14.24% increase since the 2010 United States census.[154] The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310.[155] Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012.[156] In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census.[157] The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time, making Florida the third most populous state.[158][159] The Florida population was 21,477,737 residents or people according to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2019 Population Estimates Program.[160] By the 2020 census, its population increased to 21,538,187.

In 2010, undocumented immigrants constituted an estimated 5.7% of the population. This was the sixth highest percentage of any U.S. state.[161][b] There were an estimated 675,000 illegal immigrants in the state in 2010.[162] Florida has banned sanctuary cities.[163]

The top countries of origin for Florida's immigrants were Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Mexico and Jamaica in 2018.[164]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 25,959 homeless people in Florida.[165][166]

Ethnic origins in Florida
Florida racial breakdown
Racial composition 1970[167] 1990[167] 2000[168] 2010[169] 2020[170][171]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 6.6% 12.2% 16.8% 22.5% 26.5%
Black or African American alone 15.3% 13.6% 14.6% 16.0% 15.1%
Asian alone 0.2% 1.2% 1.7% 2.4% 3.0%
Native American alone 0.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4%
Two or more races 2.3% 2.5% 16.5%
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino 77.9% 73.2% 65.4% 57.9% 51.5%
White alone 84.2% 83.1% 78.0% 75.0% 57.7%

In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity).[172][173] Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent, whose families have lived in the state for so long they choose to identify as having "American" ancestry or do not know their ancestry.[174][175][176][177][178][179] In the 1980 United States census, the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming they were of English or mostly English American ancestry.[180] Some of their ancestry dated to the original Thirteen Colonies.

As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% German (2,212,391), 10.7% Irish (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% Italian (1,215,242), 2.8% Polish (511,229), and 2.7% French (504,641).[172][173] White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites constituted nearly 80% of Florida's population.[167] Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as "Florida crackers"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most other states of the southern U.S., they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.[181]

As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, and 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican.[151] Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community.[182] Florida has the second-largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the U.S.[183] Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.[184] Florida has one of the largest and most diverse Hispanic/Latino populations in the country, especially in South Florida around Miami, and to a lesser degree Central Florida. Aside from the dominant Cuban and Puerto Rican populations, there are also large populations of Mexicans, Colombians, Venezuelans and Dominicans, among numerous other groups, as most Latino groups have sizable numbers in the state.

As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American.[172][173][151] During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population.[185] In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960, the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%.[186] Conversely, large numbers of northern whites moved to the state.[187] Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found throughout Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the southern U.S., there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area.[188] Florida has the largest West Indian population of any state, originating from many Caribbean countries, with Haitian Americans being the most numerous.

In 2016, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States at 4.5%, with 2.3% (483,874) from Haitian ancestry, 1.5% (303,527) Jamaican, and 0.2% (31,966) Bahamian, with the other West Indian groups making up the rest.[189]

As of 2010, those of Asian ancestry accounted for 2.4% of Florida's population.[172][173]

As of 2011, Florida contains the highest percentage of people over 65 (17.3%) in the U.S.[190] There were 186,102 military retirees living in the state in 2008.[191] About two-thirds of the population was born in another state, the second-highest in the U.S.[192]

In 2020, Hispanic and Latinos of any race(s) made up 26.5% of the population, while Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders made up 0.1% of all Broward County residents.[193]

Languages

[edit]

In 1988, English was affirmed as the state's official language in the Florida Constitution. Spanish is also widely spoken, especially as immigration has continued from Latin America.[194] About 20% percent of the population speaks Spanish as their first language, while 27% speaks a mother language other than English. More than 200 first languages other than English are spoken at home in the state.[195][196]

The most common languages spoken in Florida as a first language in 2010 are:[195]

  • 73% English
  • 20% Spanish
  • 2% Haitian Creole
  • Other languages less than 1% each

Religion

[edit]
Church of the Little Flower in Coral Gables
Hindu Temple of Florida in Tampa

Florida is mostly Christian (70%),[197] although there is a large irreligious and relatively significant Jewish community. Protestants account for almost half of the population, but the Catholic Church is the largest single denomination in the state mainly due to its large Hispanic population and other groups like Haitians. Protestants are very diverse, although Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals and nondenominational Protestants are the largest groups. Smaller Christian groups include The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. There is also a sizable Jewish community in South Florida. This is the largest Jewish population in the southern U.S. and the third-largest in the U.S. behind those of New York and California.[198]

In 2010, the three largest denominations in Florida were the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention, and the United Methodist Church.[199]

The Pew Research Center survey in 2014 gave the following religious makeup of Florida:[200]

Religion in Florida (2014)[197]
     
Protestant
46%
Catholic
21%
Mormon
1%
Jehovah's Witness
1%
Other Christian
1%
Nothing in Particular
17%
Agnostic
4%
Atheist
3%
Jewish
3%
Other faiths
(e.g. Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)
3%

Governance

[edit]
The old and new Florida State Capitol in Tallahassee

The basic structure, duties, function, and operations of the government of the State of Florida are defined by the Florida Constitution, which establishes the basic law of the state and guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people. As with the American federal government and all other state governments, Florida's government consists of three separate branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The legislature enacts bills, which, if signed by the governor, become law.

The Florida Legislature comprises the Florida Senate, which has 40 members, and the Florida House of Representatives, which has 120 members. The governor of Florida is Ron DeSantis. The Florida Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and six justices.

Florida has 67 counties. Some reference materials may show only 66 because Duval County is consolidated with the City of Jacksonville. There are 379 cities in Florida (out of 411) that report regularly to the Florida Department of Revenue, but there are other incorporated municipalities that do not. The primary revenue source for cities and counties is property tax; properties with unpaid taxes are subject to tax sales, which are held at the county level in May and are highly popular, due to the extensive use of online bidding sites.

The state government's primary revenue source is sales tax. Florida is one of eight states that do not impose a personal income tax.

There were 800 federal corruption convictions from 1988 to 2007, more than any other state.[201]

In a 2020 study, Florida was ranked as the 11th hardest state for citizens to vote in.[202] In April 2022, the legislature passed and the governor signed a new election law prohibiting Floridians from using ranked-choice voting in all federal, state and municipal elections.[203]

Florida retains the death penalty. Authorized methods of execution include the electric chair and lethal injection.[204]

Elections history

[edit]

From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964. The following year, Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement which had excluded most of them for decades from the political process.

From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They have gained slightly less federal money from national programs than they have paid in taxes.[205] Since the 1970s, conservative white voters in the state have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. Though the majority of registered voters in Florida were Democrats,[206] it continued to support Republican presidential candidates through 2004, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South.

In the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, Barack Obama carried the state as a northern Democrat, attracting high voter turnout, especially among the young, independents, and minority voters, of whom Hispanics comprise an increasingly large proportion. 2008 marked the first time since 1944, when Franklin D. Roosevelt carried the state for the fourth time, that Florida was carried by a Northern Democrat for president.

The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast,[207] where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century, they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966, Claude R. Kirk Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election.[208] In 1968, Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US senator.[209] In 1970, Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat and maintained dominance for years.

Florida is sometimes considered a bellwether state in presidential elections because every candidate who won the state from 1996 until 2016 won the election.[210] The 2020 election broke that streak when Donald Trump won Florida but lost the election.

In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as "snowbirds".[211] South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area became dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, including Jacksonville and the panhandle and particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South.[211]

The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area has often been seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state in federal presidential elections.[212]

Historically, the Democratic Party maintained an edge in voter registration, both statewide and in the state's three most populous counties, Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County.[213][when?]

2000–present

[edit]

In 2000, George W. Bush won the U.S. presidential election by a margin of 271–266 in the Electoral College.[214] Of the 271 electoral votes for Bush, 25 were cast by electors from Florida.[215] The Florida results were contested and a recount was ordered by the court, with the results settled in a Supreme Court decision, Bush v. Gore.

Reapportionment following the 2010 United States census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives.[216] The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015.

The political make-up of congressional and legislative districts has enabled Republicans to control the governorship and most statewide elective offices, and 17 of the state's 27 seats in the 2012 House of Representatives.[217] Florida has been listed as a swing state in presidential elections since 1952, voting for the losing candidate only twice in that period of time.[218]

Treemap of the popular vote by county in the 2016 United States presidential election

In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role.[214][215][219][220][221][222] Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that "if the state's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida—and the presidency—by more than 80,000 votes."[223]

In 2008, delegates of both the Republican Florida primary election and Democratic Florida primary election were stripped of half of their votes when the conventions met in August due to violation of both parties' national rules.

In the 2010 elections, Republicans solidified their dominance statewide, by winning the governor's mansion, and maintaining firm majorities in both houses of the state legislature. They won four previously Democratic-held seats to create a 19–6 Republican majority delegation representing Florida in the federal House of Representatives.

In 2010, more than 63% of state voters approved the initiated Amendments 5 and 6 to the state constitution, to ensure more fairness in districting. These have become known as the Fair District Amendments. As a result of the 2010 United States Census, Florida gained two House of Representative seats in 2012.[216] The legislature issued revised congressional districts in 2012, which were immediately challenged in court by supporters of the above amendments.

The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5–2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.[224]

Voter registration totals as of December 31, 2024[225]
Party Registered voters Percentage
  Republican 5,635,902 39.53%
  Democratic 4,479,820 31.42%
  Unaffiliated 3,710,036 26.02%
  Minor parties 431,377 3.03%
Total 14,257,135 100.00%

According to The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is such that in 2014, "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians—and nearly one in four African-American Floridians—are [were] shut out of the polls because of felony convictions", although they had completed sentences and parole/probation requirements.[226]

The state switched back to the GOP in the 2016 presidential election, and again in 2020, when Donald Trump headed the party's ticket both times. 2020 marked the first time Florida sided with the eventual loser of the presidential election since 1992.

In the 2018 elections, the ratio of Republican to Democratic representation fell from 16:11 to 14:13. The U.S. Senate election between Democratic incumbent senator Bill Nelson and then governor Rick Scott was close, with 49.93% voting for the incumbent and 50.06% voting for the former governor. Republicans also held onto the governorship in a close race between Republican candidate Ron DeSantis and Democratic candidate Andrew Gillum, with 49.6% voting for DeSantis and 49.3% voting for Gillum. In 2022, incumbent Governor DeSantis won reelection by a landslide against Democrat Charlie Crist. The unexpectedly large margin of victory led many pundits to question Florida's perennial status as a swing state, and instead identify it as a red state.[227]

In November 2021, for the first time in Florida's history, the total number of registered Republican voters exceeded the number of registered Democrats.[228]

Statutes

[edit]
The Florida Supreme Court building in Tallahassee

In 1972, the state made personal injury protection auto insurance mandatory for drivers, becoming the second in the U.S. to enact a no-fault insurance law.[229] The ease of receiving payments under this law is seen as precipitating a major increase in insurance fraud.[230] Auto insurance fraud was the highest in the U.S. in 2011, estimated at close to $1 billion.[231] Fraud is particularly centered in the Miami-Dade and Tampa areas.[232][233][234]

Capital punishment is applied in Florida.[235] If a person committing a predicate felony directly contributed to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the first degree. The only two sentences available for that statute are life imprisonment and the death penalty.[236][237] If a person commits a predicate felony, but was not the direct contributor to the death of the victim then the person will be charged with murder in the second degree. The maximum prison term is life.[236][237] In 1995, the legislature modified Chapter 921 to provide that felons should serve at least 85% of their sentence.[238][239]

Florida approved its lottery by amending the constitution in 1984. It approved slot machines in Broward and Miami-Dade County in 2004. It has disapproved casinos (outside of sovereign Seminole and Miccosukee tribal areas) three times: 1978, 1986, and 1994.[240]

Taxation

[edit]

Tax is collected by the Florida Department of Revenue.

Economy

[edit]
The Brickell Financial District in Miami contains the largest concentration of international banks in the United States.
Visitors enjoying the beach at Pensacola Beach

The economy of the state of Florida is the fourth-largest in the United States, with a $1.647 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2024.[241] If Florida were a sovereign nation (2024), it would rank as the world's 15th-largest economy according to the International Monetary Fund, ahead of Spain and behind South Korea.[241][242][243] In the 20th century, tourism, industry, construction, international banking, biomedical and life sciences, healthcare research, simulation training, aerospace and defense, and commercial space travel have contributed to the state's economic development.[244]

Tourism is a large portion of Florida's economy. Florida is home to the world's most visited theme park, the Magic Kingdom.[245] Florida is also home to the largest single-site employer in the United States, Walt Disney World.[246] PortMiami is the largest passenger port in the world and one of the largest cargo ports in the United States.[247] Beach towns have many visitors too as Florida is known around the world for its beaches.

Agriculture is another large part of the Florida economy. Florida is the number one grower of oranges for juice,[248] mangoes,[249] fresh tomatoes,[250] sugar,[251] sweet corn, green beans,[252] beans, cucumbers, watermelons, and more.[253] Florida is also the second biggest producer of strawberries, avocadoes, grapefruit, and peppers in the U.S.[253][254]

Other large sectors of Florida's economy include finance, government and military (especially in Jacksonville and Pensacola),[255] healthcare, aerospace (especially in the Space Coast), mining (especially for phosphate in Bone Valley), fishing, trade, real estate, and tech (especially in Miami, Orlando, and Tampa in the 2020s).

Transportation

[edit]

Highways

[edit]

Florida's highway system contains 1,495 mi (2,406 km) of interstate highway, and 10,601 mi (17,061 km) of non-interstate highway, such as state highways and U.S. Highways. Florida's interstates, state highways, and U.S. Highways are maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation.[256]

In 2011, there were about 9,000 retail gas stations in the state. Floridians consumed 21 million gallons of gasoline daily in 2011, ranking it third in national use behind California and Texas.[257] As of 2024, motorists in Florida have one of the highest rates of car insurance in the U.S.[258][259] 24% are uninsured.[260]

Drivers between 15 and 19 years of age averaged 364 car crashes a year per ten thousand licensed Florida drivers in 2010. Drivers 70 and older averaged 95 per 10,000 during the same time frame. A spokesperson for the non-profit Insurance Institute stated "Older drivers are more of a threat to themselves."[261]

Intercity bus travel, which utilizes Florida's highway system, is provided by Greyhound, Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway.

Before the construction of routes under the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, Florida began construction of a long cross-state toll road, Florida's Turnpike. The first section, from Fort Pierce south to the Golden Glades Interchange was completed in 1957. After a second section north through Orlando to Wildwood (near present-day The Villages), and a southward extension around Miami to Homestead, it was finished in 1974.

Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay, part of Florida's interstate system

Florida's primary interstate routes include:

Airports

[edit]
Orlando International Airport, the busiest airport in the state with 44.6 million total passengers in 2017[262]

Florida has 131 public airports.[263] Florida's seven large hub and medium hub airports, as classified by the FAA,[264] are the following:

City served Code Airport name FAA
Category
Enplane­ments
Orlando MCO Orlando International Airport Large Hub 21,565,448
Miami MIA Miami International Airport Large Hub 20,709,225
Fort Lauderdale FLL Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood Int'l Airport Large Hub 15,817,043
Tampa TPA Tampa International Airport Large Hub 9,548,580
Fort Myers RSW Southwest Florida International Airport Medium Hub 4,364,224
West Palm Beach PBI Palm Beach International Airport Medium Hub 3,110,450
Jacksonville JAX Jacksonville International Airport Medium Hub 2,701,861

Intercity rail

[edit]
The Brightline train at Fort Lauderdale's Brightline station

Public transit

[edit]
Miami Metrorail, the state's only rapid transit system. About 15% of Miami residents use public transit daily.
Jacksonville Skyway, one of the few people mover systems in use in the U.S. today, especially outside of an airport setting

Healthcare

[edit]
Jackson Memorial Hospital in the Miami Health District, the primary teaching hospital of the Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami

There were 2.7 million Medicaid patients in Florida in 2009. The governor has proposed adding $2.6 billion to care for the expected 300,000 additional patients in 2011.[272] The cost of caring for 2.3 million clients in 2010 was $18.8 billion.[273] This is nearly 30% of Florida's budget.[274] Medicaid paid for 60% of all births in Florida in 2009. The state has a program for those not covered by Medicaid.

In 2013, Florida refused to participate in providing coverage for the uninsured under the Affordable Care Act, colloquially called Obamacare. The Florida legislature also refused to accept additional Federal funding for Medicaid, although this would have helped its constituents at no cost to the state. As a result, Florida is second only to Texas in the percentage of its citizens without health insurance.[275]

In 2022, the largest hospital network in Florida is HCA Healthcare[276] and the second largest is AdventHealth.[277][278] In 2023, the largest hospitals in Florida were Jackson Memorial Hospital, AdventHealth Orlando, Tampa General Hospital, UF Health Shands Hospital and Baptist Hospital of Miami.[279]

Mayo Clinic hosts one of its three major U.S. campuses in Jacksonville. The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care and destination medicine.

Architecture

[edit]
Miami Art Deco District in South Beach, built during the 1920s and 1930s

Florida has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings, both in the United States and in the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination.[280] A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.[281]

Being of early importance as a regional center of banking and finance, the architecture of Jacksonville displays a wide variety of styles and design principles. Many of the state's earliest skyscrapers were constructed in Jacksonville, dating as far back as 1902,[282] and last holding a state height record from 1974 to 1981.[283] The city is endowed with one of the largest collections of Prairie School buildings outside of the Midwest.[284] Jacksonville is also noteworthy for its collection of Mid-Century modern architecture.[285]

Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival.[286] A notable collection of these styles can be found in St. Augustine, the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the United States.[287]

Education

[edit]
Florida State University in Tallahassee
University of Miami in Coral Gables
University of Central Florida in Orlando
Florida International University in Miami
University of South Florida in Tampa
University of Florida in Gainesville

In 2020, Florida was ranked the third best state in the U.S. for K-12 education, outperforming other states in 15 out of 18 metrics in Education Week's 2020 Quality Counts report.[288] In terms of K-12 Achievement, which measures progress in areas such as academic excellence and graduation rates, the state was graded "B−" compared to a national average of C.[288] Florida's higher education was ranked first and pre-K-12 was ranked 27th best nationwide by U.S. News & World Report.[289]

Primary and secondary education

[edit]

Florida spent $8,920 for each student in 2016, and was 43rd in the U.S. in expenditures per student.[290]

Florida's primary and secondary school systems are administered by the Florida Department of Education. School districts are organized within county boundaries. Each school district has an elected Board of Education that sets policy, budget, goals, and approves expenditures. Management is the responsibility of a Superintendent of schools.

The Florida Department of Education is required by law to train educators in teaching English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL).[291]

While Florida's public schools suffer from more than 5,000 unoccupied teacher positions, according to Karla Hernández, teacher and president of United Teachers of Dade, decisions made by the DeSantis administration will make the situation worse. She referred to its blocking of an Advanced Placement African American studies course,[292] book bans and removing some lessons in courses as "really scary moments in the state of Florida".[293]

In 2023, the state of Florida approved a public school curriculum including videos produced by conservative advocacy group PragerU, likening climate change skeptics to those who fought Communism and Nazism, implying renewable energy harms the environment, and saying global warming occurs naturally.[294] DeSantis has called climate change "leftwing stuff".[294]

In August 2023, restrictions have been placed on the teaching of Shakespearean plays and literature by Florida teachers in order to comply with state law.[295][296][297]

Higher education

[edit]

The State University System of Florida was founded in 1905, and is governed by the Florida Board of Governors. During the 2019 academic year, 346,604 students attended one of these twelve universities.[298] In 2016, Florida charged the second lowest tuition in the U.S. for four-year programs, at $26,000 for in-state students and $86,000 for out-of-state students; this compares with an average of $34,800 for in-state students.[299]

As of 2020, three Florida universities are among the top 10 largest universities by enrollment in the United States: The University of Central Florida in Orlando (2nd), the University of Florida in Gainesville (4th), and Florida International University in Miami (8th).

The Florida College System comprises 28 public community and state colleges with 68 campuses spread out throughout the state. In 2016, enrollment exceeded 813,000 students.[300]

The Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida is an association of 30 private, educational institutions in the state.[301] This Association reported that their member institutions served more than 158,000 students in the fall of 2020.[302]

The University of Miami in Coral Gables is one of the top private research universities in the U.S. Florida's first private university, Stetson University in DeLand, was founded in 1883.

As of 2023, three universities in Florida are members of the Association of American Universities: University of Florida, University of Miami and University of South Florida.[303]

Sports

[edit]
Kaseya Center in Miami
Amerant Bank Arena in Sunrise
LoanDepot Park in Little Havana, home field of the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball
Daytona International Speedway, home to various auto racing events, including the Daytona 500

Florida has three NFL teams, two MLB teams, two NBA teams, two NHL teams, and two MLS teams. Florida gained its first permanent major-league professional sports team in 1966 when the American Football League added the Miami Dolphins. Florida has given professional sports franchises some subsidies in the form of tax breaks since 1991.[304]

About half of all Major League Baseball teams conduct spring training in the state, with teams informally organized into the "Grapefruit League". Throughout MLB history, other teams have held spring training in Florida.

NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500. Daytona also has the Coke Zero Sugar 400 NASCAR race weekend in August. NASCAR also has a race weekend at Homestead-Miami Speedway in Homestead in October. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.

Florida is a major golf hub. The PGA of America is headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, the PGA Tour is headquartered in Ponte Vedra Beach (a Jacksonville suburb) and the LPGA is headquartered in Daytona Beach. The Players Championship, WGC-Cadillac Championship, Arnold Palmer Invitational, Honda Classic and Valspar Championship are PGA Tour rounds.

Florida has teams in all five American major league sports. Florida's most recent major-league team, Inter Miami, began play in MLS in 2020.[305]

The Miami Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier tennis event, whereas the Delray Beach International Tennis Championships is an ATP World Tour 250 event.

There are minor league baseball, football, basketball, ice hockey, soccer and indoor football teams based in Florida.[306] Ben Hill Griffin Stadium is the largest football stadium in Florida, the 12th-largest stadium in college football, and the 18th-largest stadium in the world, as measured by its official seating capacity of 88,548—though, it has often held over 90,000 for Florida's home football games.

Florida's universities have a number of collegiate sport programs. Major college football programs include the Florida State Seminoles and Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and the Florida Gators of the Southeastern Conference.[307] Since 1996, Florida has added four additional teams to the ranks of Division I FBS: UCF Knights, South Florida Bulls, Florida Atlantic Owls and FIU Panthers.

State symbols

[edit]
Orange juice, the state beverage
The "In God We Trust" motto on Florida license plate with an orange blossom, the state flower
The Florida panther, the state animal
Coconut palms, the state palm tree, in St. Petersburg

The majority of the symbols were chosen after 1950; only the two oldest symbols—the state flower (chosen in 1909), and the state bird (chosen in 1927)—are not listed in the 2010 Florida Statutes.[308]

Sister states

[edit]
Sister jurisdiction Country Year[309]
Languedoc-Roussillon  France 1989
Taiwan Province Taiwan, R.O.C. 1992
Wakayama Prefecture  Japan 1995
Western Cape  South Africa 1995
Nueva Esparta  Venezuela 1999
Gyeonggi Province  South Korea 2000
 

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988
  2. ^ Behind Nevada, Arizona, New Jersey, California and Texas

References

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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Viviana Díaz Balsera and Rachel A. May (eds.), La Florida: Five Hundred Years of Hispanic Presence. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2014.
  • Dunn, Hampton., and Paul Eugen Camp. Collecting Florida: the Hampton Dunn Collection and Other Floridiana, Special Collections Department, University of South Florida Libraries. Tampa Florida: University of South Florida Libraries, 2006.
  • Michael Gannon (ed.), The History of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2013.
  • Levine Jacki. 2023. Once Upon a Time in Florida : Stories of Life in the Land of Promises. St. Petersburg FL: Florida Humanities.
[edit]
Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on March 3, 1845 (27th)
Succeeded by

28°N 82°W / 28°N 82°W / 28; -82 (State of Florida)

 

 

Advertising revenue as a percent of US GDP shows a rise in digital advertising since 1995 at the expense of print media.[1]

Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses the Internet and online-based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile phones, and other digital media and platforms to promote products and services.[2][3]

It has significantly transformed the way brands and businesses utilize technology for marketing since the 1990s and 2000s. As digital platforms became increasingly incorporated into marketing plans and everyday life,[4] and as people increasingly used digital devices instead of visiting physical shops,[5][6] digital marketing campaigns have become prevalent, employing combinations of methods. Some of these methods include: search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM), content marketing, influencer marketing, content automation, campaign marketing, data-driven marketing, e-commerce marketing, social media marketing, social media optimization, e-mail direct marketing, display advertising, e-books, and optical disks and games. Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as television, mobile phones (SMS and MMS), callbacks, and on-hold mobile ringtones.[7]

The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from online marketing.[8]

History

[edit]

Digital marketing effectively began in 1990 when the Archie search engine was created as an index for FTP sites. In the 1980s, the storage capacity of computers was already large enough to store huge volumes of customer information. Companies started choosing online techniques, such as database marketing, rather than limited list brokers.[9] Databases allowed companies to track customers' information more effectively, transforming the relationship between buyer and seller.

In the 1990s, the term digital marketing was coined.[10] With the development of server/client architecture and the popularity of personal computers, Customer Relationship Management (CRM) applications became a significant factor in marketing technology.[11] Fierce competition forced vendors to include more services in their software, such as marketing, sales, and service applications. Marketers were also able to own online customer data through eCRM software after the Internet was born. This led to the first clickable banner ad going live in 1994, which was the "You Will" campaign by AT&T, and over the first four months of it going live, 44% of all people who saw it clicked on the ad.[12][13] Early digital marketing efforts focused on simple HTML websites and the burgeoning practice of email marketing, which allowed for direct communication with consumers.[14]

In the 2000s, with increasing numbers of Internet users and the birth of the iPhone, customers began searching for products and making decisions about their needs online first, instead of consulting a salesperson, which created a new problem for the marketing department of a company.[15] In addition, a survey in 2000 in the United Kingdom found that most retailers still needed to register their own domain address.[16] These problems encouraged marketers to find new ways to integrate digital technology into market development. At the same time, PPC advertising,[expand acronym] introduced by Google AdWords in 2000, allowed businesses to target specific keywords, making digital marketing more measurable and cost-effective.[17]

The mid-2000s saw the emergence of social media platforms like Facebook (2004), YouTube (2005), and Twitter (2006). These platforms revolutionized digital marketing by facilitating direct and interactive engagement with consumers. In 2007, marketing automation was developed as a response to the ever-evolving marketing climate. Marketing automation is the process by which software is used to automate conventional marketing processes.[18] Marketing automation helps companies segment customers, launch multichannel marketing campaigns, and provide personalized information for customers.,[18] based on their specific activities. In this way, users' activity (or lack thereof) triggers a personal message that is customized to the user in their preferred platform. However, despite the benefits of marketing automation many companies are struggling to adapt it to their everyday uses correctly.[19][page needed]

Digital marketing became more sophisticated in the 2000s and the 2010s, when[20][21] the proliferation of devices capable of accessing digital media led to sudden growth.[22] Statistics produced in 2012 and 2013 showed that digital marketing was still growing.[23][24] With the development of social media in the 2000s, such as LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, consumers became highly dependent on digital electronics in their daily lives. Therefore, they expected a seamless user experience across different channels for searching product information. The change in customer behavior improved the diversification of marketing technology.[25]

The term "Digital Marketing" was coined in the 1990s. Digital marketing was formally known as and referred to as 'online marketing', 'internet marketing', or 'web marketing'. Worldwide digital marketing has become the most common term and has taken off in the business industry, especially after the year 2013. However, in other countries like Italy, digital marketing is still known as web marketing.[26]

Digital media growth was estimated at 4.5 trillion online ads served annually with digital media spending at 48% growth in 2010.[27] An increasing portion of advertising stems from businesses employing Online Behavioural Advertising (OBA) to tailor advertising for internet users, but OBA raises concerns about consumer privacy and data protection.[22]

New non-linear marketing approach

[edit]

Nonlinear marketing, a type of interactive marketing, is a long-term marketing approach that builds on businesses collecting information about an Internet user's online activities and trying to be visible in multiple areas.[28]

Unlike traditional marketing techniques, which involve direct, one-way messaging to consumers (via print, television, and radio advertising), nonlinear digital marketing strategies are centered on reaching prospective customers across multiple online channels.[29]

Combined with higher consumer knowledge and the demand for more sophisticated consumer offerings, this change has forced many businesses to rethink their outreach strategy and adopt or incorporate omnichannel, nonlinear marketing techniques to maintain sufficient brand exposure, engagement, and reach.[30]

Nonlinear marketing strategies involve efforts to adapt the advertising to different platforms[31] and to tailor the advertising to different individual buyers rather than a large coherent audience.[32]

Tactics may include:

Some studies indicate that consumer responses to traditional marketing approaches are becoming less predictable for businesses.[33] According to a 2018 study, nearly 90% of online consumers in the United States researched products and brands online before visiting the store or making a purchase.[34] The Global Web Index estimated that in 2018, a little more than 50% of consumers researched products on social media.[35] Businesses often rely on individuals portraying their products in a positive light on social media, and may adapt their marketing strategy to target people with large social media followings in order to generate such comments.[36] In this manner, businesses can use consumers to advertise their products or services, decreasing the cost for the company.[37]

Brand awareness

[edit]

One of the key objectives of modern digital marketing is to raise brand awareness, the extent to which customers and the public are familiar with and recognize a particular brand.

Enhancing brand awareness is important in digital marketing, and marketing in general, because of its impact on brand perception and consumer decision-making. According to the 2015 essay, "Impact of Brand on Consumer Behavior":

"Brand awareness, as one of the fundamental dimensions of brand equity, is often considered to be a prerequisite of consumers’ buying decision, as it represents the main factor for including a brand in the consideration set. Brand awareness can also influence consumers’ perceived risk assessment and their confidence in the purchase decision, due to familiarity with the brand and its characteristics."[38]

Recent trends show that businesses and digital marketers are prioritizing brand awareness, focusing more on their digital marketing efforts on cultivating brand recognition and recall than in previous years. This is evidenced by a 2019 Content Marketing Institute study, which found that 81% of digital marketers have worked on enhancing brand recognition over the past year.[39]

Another Content Marketing Institute survey revealed that 89% of B2B marketers now believe improving brand awareness to be more important than efforts directed at increasing sales.[40]

Increasing brand awareness is a focus of digital marketing strategy for a number of reasons:

  • The growth of online shopping. A survey by Statista projects 230.5 million people in the United States will use the Internet to shop, compare, and buy products by 2021, up from 209.6 million in 2016.[41] Research from business software firm Salesforce found that 87% of people began searches for products and brands on digital channels in 2018.[42]
  • The role of digital interaction in customer behavior. It's estimated that 70% of all retail purchases made in the U.S. are influenced to some degree by an interaction with a brand online.[43]
  • The growing influence and role of brand awareness in online consumer decision-making: 82% of online shoppers searching for services give preference to brands they know of.[44]
  • The use, convenience, and influence of social media. A recent report by Hootsuite estimated there were more than 3.4 billion active users on social media platforms, a 9% increase from 2018.[45] A 2019 survey by The Manifest states that 74% of social media users follow brands on social sites, and 96% of people who follow businesses also engage with those brands on social platforms.[46] According to Deloitte, one in three U.S. consumers are influenced by social media when buying a product, while 47% of millennials factor their interaction with a brand on social when making a purchase.[47]

Online methods used to build brand awareness

[edit]

Digital marketing strategies may include the use of one or more online channels and techniques (omnichannel) to increase brand awareness among consumers.

Building brand awareness may involve such methods/tools as:

Search engine optimization (SEO)

[edit]

Search engine optimization techniques may be used to improve the visibility of business websites and brand-related content for common industry-related search queries.

The importance of SEO to increase brand awareness is said to correlate with the growing influence of search results and search features like featured snippets, knowledge panels, and local SEO on customer behavior.[48]

Search engine marketing (SEM)

[edit]

SEM, also known as PPC advertising, involves the purchase of ad space in prominent, visible positions atop search results pages and websites. Search ads have been shown to have a positive impact on brand recognition, awareness and conversions.[49]

33% of searchers who click on paid ads do so because they directly respond to their particular search query.[50]

Social media marketing

[edit]

Social media marketing has the characteristics of being in the marketing state and interacting with consumers all the time, emphasizing content and interaction skills. The marketing process needs to be monitored, analyzed, summarized and managed in real-time, and the marketing target needs to be adjusted according to the real-time feedback from the market and consumers.[51] 70% of marketers list increasing brand awareness as their number one goal for marketing on social media platforms. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube are listed as the top platforms currently used by social media marketing teams.[citation needed] As of 2021, LinkedIn has been added as one of the most-used social media platforms by business leaders for its professional networking capabilities.[52]

Content marketing

[edit]

56% of marketers believe personalization content – brand-centered blogs, articles, social updates, videos, landing pages – improves brand recall and engagement.[53]

Developments and strategies

[edit]

One of the major changes that occurred in traditional marketing was the "emergence of digital marketing", this led to the reinvention of marketing strategies in order to adapt to this major change in traditional marketing.

As digital marketing is dependent on technology which is ever-evolving and fast-changing, the same features should be expected from digital marketing developments and strategies. This portion is an attempt to qualify or segregate the notable highlights existing and being used as of press time.[when?]

  • Segmentation: More focus has been placed on segmentation within digital marketing, in order to target specific markets in both business-to-business and business-to-consumer sectors.
  • Influencer marketing: Important nodes are identified within related communities, known as influencers. This is becoming an important concept in digital targeting.[54] Influencers allow brands to take advantage of social media and the large audiences available on many of these platforms.[54] It is possible to reach influencers via paid advertising, such as Facebook Advertising or Google Ads campaigns, or through sophisticated sCRM (social customer relationship management) software, such as SAP C4C, Microsoft Dynamics, Sage CRM and Salesforce CRM. Many universities now focus, at Masters level, on engagement strategies for influencers.

To summarize, Pull digital marketing is characterized by consumers actively seeking marketing content while Push digital marketing occurs when marketers send messages without that content being actively sought by the recipients.

  • Online behavioral advertising is the practice of collecting information about a user's online activity over time, "on a particular device and across different, unrelated websites, in order to deliver advertisements tailored to that user's interests and preferences."[55][56] Such Advertisements are based on site retargeting are customized based on each user behavior and pattern.
  • Collaborative Environment: A collaborative environment can be set up between the organization, the technology service provider, and the digital agencies to optimize effort, resource sharing, reusability and communications.[57] Additionally, organizations are inviting their customers to help them better understand how to service them. This source of data is called user-generated content. Much of this is acquired via company websites where the organization invites people to share ideas that are then evaluated by other users of the site. The most popular ideas are evaluated and implemented in some form. Using this method of acquiring data and developing new products can foster the organization's relationship with its customer as well as spawn ideas that would otherwise be overlooked. UGC is low-cost advertising as it is directly from the consumers and can save advertising costs for the organization.
  • Data-driven advertising: Users generate a lot of data in every step they take on the path of customer journey and brands can now use that data to activate their known audience with data-driven programmatic media buying. Without exposing customers' privacy, users' data can be collected from digital channels (e.g.: when the customer visits a website, reads an e-mail, or launches and interact with a brand's mobile app), brands can also collect data from real-world customer interactions, such as brick and mortar stores visits and from CRM and sales engines datasets. Also known as people-based marketing or addressable media, data-driven advertising is empowering brands to find their loyal customers in their audience and deliver in real time a much more personal communication, highly relevant to each customers' moment and actions.[58]

An important consideration today while deciding on a strategy is that the digital tools have democratized the promotional landscape.

  • Remarketing: Remarketing plays a major role in digital marketing. This tactic allows marketers to publish targeted ads in front of an interest category or a defined audience, generally called searchers in web speak, they have either searched for particular products or services or visited a website for some purpose.
  • Game advertising: Game ads are advertisements that exist within computer or video games. One of the most common examples of in-game advertising is billboards appearing in sports games. In-game ads also might appear as brand-name products like guns, cars, or clothing that exist as gaming status symbols.

Six principles for building online brand content:[59]

  • Do not consider individuals as consumers;
  • Have an editorial position;
  • Define an identity for the brand;
  • Maintain a continuity of contents;
  • Ensure a regular interaction with audience;
  • Have a channel for events.

The new digital era has enabled brands to selectively target their customers that may potentially be interested in their brand or based on previous browsing interests. Businesses can now use social media to select the age range, location, gender, and interests of whom they would like their targeted post to be seen. Furthermore, based on a customer's recent search history they can be ‘followed’ on the internet so they see advertisements from similar brands, products, and services,[60] This allows businesses to target the specific customers that they know and feel will most benefit from their product or service, something that had limited capabilities up until the digital era.

  • Tourism marketing: Advanced tourism, responsible and sustainable tourism, social media and online tourism marketing, and geographic information systems. As a broader research field matures and attracts more diverse and in-depth academic research.[61]

Ineffective forms of digital marketing

[edit]

Digital marketing activity is still growing across the world according to the headline global marketing index. A study published in September 2018, found that global outlays on digital marketing tactics are approaching $100 billion.[62] Digital media continues to rapidly grow. While the marketing budgets are expanding, traditional media is declining.[63] Digital media helps brands reach consumers to engage with their product or service in a personalized way. Five areas, which are outlined as current industry practices that are often ineffective are prioritizing clicks, balancing search and display, understanding mobiles, targeting, viewability, brand safety and invalid traffic, and cross-platform measurement.[64] Why these practices are ineffective and some ways around making these aspects effective are discussed surrounding the following points.

Prioritizing clicks

[edit]

Prioritizing clicks refers to display click ads, although advantageous by being ‘simple, fast and inexpensive’ rates for display ads in 2016 is only 0.10 percent in the United States. This means one in a thousand click ads is relevant therefore having little effect. This displays that marketing companies should not just use click ads to evaluate the effectiveness of display advertisements.[64]

Balancing search and display

[edit]

Balancing search and display for digital display ads is important. marketers tend to look at the last search and attribute all of the effectiveness of this. This, in turn, disregards other marketing efforts, which establish brand value within the consumer's mind. ComScore determined through drawing on data online, produced by over one hundred multichannel retailers that digital display marketing poses strengths when compared with or positioned alongside, paid search.[64] This is why it is advised that when someone clicks on a display ad the company opens a landing page, not its home page. A landing page typically has something to draw the customer in to search beyond this page. Commonly marketers see increased sales among people exposed to a search ad. But the fact of how many people you can reach with a display campaign compared to a search campaign should be considered. Multichannel retailers have an increased reach if the display is considered in synergy with search campaigns. Overall, both search and display aspects are valued as display campaigns build awareness for the brand so that more people are likely to click on these digital ads when running a search campaign.[64]

Understanding Mobiles

[edit]

Understanding mobile devices is a significant aspect of digital marketing because smartphones and tablets are now responsible for 64% of the time US consumers are online.[64] Apps provide a big opportunity as well as challenge for the marketers because firstly the app needs to be downloaded and secondly the person needs to actually use it. This may be difficult as ‘half the time spent on smartphone apps occurs on the individuals single most used app, and almost 85% of their time on the top four rated apps’.[64] Mobile advertising can assist in achieving a variety of commercial objectives and it is effective due to taking over the entire screen, and voice or status is likely to be considered highly. However, the message must not be seen or thought of as intrusive.[64] Disadvantages of digital media used on mobile devices also include limited creative capabilities, and reach. Although there are many positive aspects including the user's entitlement to select product information, digital media creating a flexible message platform and there is potential for direct selling.[65]

Cross-platform measurement

[edit]

The number of marketing channels continues to expand, as measurement practices are growing in complexity. A cross-platform view must be used to unify audience measurement and media planning. Market researchers need to understand how the Omni-channel affects consumer's behavior, although when advertisements are on a consumer's device this does not get measured. Significant aspects to cross-platform measurement involve deduplication and understanding that you have reached an incremental level with another platform, rather than delivering more impressions against people that have previously been reached.[64] An example is ‘ESPN and comScore partnered on Project Blueprint discovering the sports broadcaster achieved a 21% increase in unduplicated daily reach thanks to digital advertising’.[64] Television and radio industries are the electronic media, which competes with digital and other technological advertising. Yet television advertising is not directly competing with online digital advertising due to being able to cross platform with digital technology. Radio also gains power through cross platforms, in online streaming content. Television and radio continue to persuade and affect the audience, across multiple platforms.[66]

Targeting, viewability, brand safety, and invalid traffic

[edit]

Targeting, viewability, brand safety, and invalid traffic all are aspects used by marketers to help advocate digital advertising. Cookies are a form of digital advertising, which are tracking tools within desktop devices, causing difficulty, with shortcomings including deletion by web browsers, the inability to sort between multiple users of a device, inaccurate estimates for unique visitors, overstating reach, understanding frequency, problems with ad servers, which cannot distinguish between when cookies have been deleted and when consumers have not previously been exposed to an ad. Due to the inaccuracies influenced by cookies, demographics in the target market are low and vary.[64] Another element, which is affected by digital marketing, is ‘viewability’ or whether the ad was actually seen by the consumer. Many ads are not seen by a consumer and may never reach the right demographic segment. Brand safety is another issue of whether or not the ad was produced in the context of being unethical or having offensive content. Recognizing fraud when an ad is exposed is another challenge marketers face. This relates to invalid traffic as premium sites are more effective at detecting fraudulent traffic, although non-premium sites are more so the problem.[64]

Channels

[edit]

Digital Marketing Channels are systems based on the Internet that can create, accelerate, and transmit product value from producer to a consumer terminal, through digital networks.[67][68] Digital marketing is facilitated by multiple Digital Marketing channels, as an advertiser one's core objective is to find channels which result in maximum two-way communication and a better overall ROI for the brand. There are multiple digital marketing channels available namely:[69]

  1. Affiliate marketing - Affiliate marketing is perceived to not be considered a safe, reliable, and easy means of marketing through online platforms. This is due to a lack of reliability in terms of affiliates that can produce the demanded number of new customers. As a result of this risk and bad affiliates, it leaves the brand prone to exploitation in terms of claiming commission that isn't honestly acquired. Legal means may offer some protection against this, yet there are limitations in recovering any losses or investment. Despite this, affiliate marketing allows the brand to market towards smaller publishers and websites with smaller traffic. Brands that choose to use this marketing often should beware of such risks involved and look to associate with affiliates in which rules are laid down between the parties involved to assure and minimize the risk involved.[70]
  2. Display advertising - As the term implies, online display advertising deals with showcasing promotional messages or ideas to the consumer on the internet. This includes a wide range of advertisements like advertising blogs, networks, interstitial ads, contextual data, ads on search engines, classified or dynamic advertisements, etc. The method can target specific audience tuning in from different types of locals to view a particular advertisement, the variations can be found as the most productive element of this method.
  3. Email marketing - Email marketing in comparison to other forms of digital marketing is considered cheap. It is also a way to rapidly communicate a message such as their value proposition to existing or potential customers. Yet this channel of communication may be perceived by recipients to be bothersome and irritating especially to new or potential customers, therefore the success of email marketing is reliant on the language and visual appeal applied. In terms of visual appeal, there are indications that using graphics/visuals that are relevant to the message which is attempting to be sent, yet less visual graphics to be applied with initial emails are more effective in-turn creating a relatively personal feel to the email. In terms of language, the style is the main factor in determining how captivating the email is. Using a casual tone invokes a warmer, gentler and more inviting feel to the email, compared to a more formal tone.
  4. Search engine marketing - Search engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising. SEM may incorporate Search engine optimization, which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture to achieve a higher ranking in search engine results pages to enhance pay per click (PPC) listings.
  5. Social Media Marketing - The term 'Digital Marketing' has a number of marketing facets as it supports different channels used in and among these, comes the Social Media. When we use social media channels (Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, Google+, etc.) to market a product or service, the strategy is called Social Media Marketing. It is a procedure wherein strategies are made and executed to draw in traffic for a website or to gain the attention of buyers over the web using different social media platforms.
  6. Social networking service - A social networking service is an online platform which people use to build social networks or social relations with other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections
  7. In-game advertising - In-Game advertising is defined as the "inclusion of products or brands within a digital game."[71] The game allows brands or products to place ads within their game, either in a subtle manner or in the form of an advertisement banner. There are many factors that exist in whether brands are successful in the advertising of their brand/product, these being: Type of game, technical platform, 3-D and 4-D technology, game genre, congruity of brand and game, prominence of advertising within the game. Individual factors consist of attitudes towards placement advertisements, game involvement, product involvement, flow, or entertainment. The attitude towards the advertising also takes into account not only the message shown but also the attitude towards the game. Dependent on how enjoyable the game is will determine how the brand is perceived, meaning if the game isn't very enjoyable the consumer may subconsciously have a negative attitude towards the brand/product being advertised. In terms of Integrated Marketing Communication "integration of advertising in digital games into the general advertising, communication, and marketing strategy of the firm"[71] is important as it results in a more clarity about the brand/product and creates a larger overall effect.
  8. Online public relations - The use of the internet to communicate with both potential and current customers in the public realm.
  9. Video advertising - This type of advertising in terms of digital/online means are advertisements that play on online videos e.g., YouTube videos. This type of marketing has seen an increase in popularity over time.[72] Online Video Advertising usually consists of three types: Pre-Roll advertisements which play before the video is watched, Mid-Roll advertisements which play during the video, or Post-Roll advertisements which play after the video is watched.[73] Post-roll advertisements were shown to have better brand recognition in relation to the other types, where-as "ad-context congruity/incongruity plays an important role in reinforcing ad memorability".[72] Due to selective attention from viewers, there is the likelihood that the message may not be received.[74] The main advantage of video advertising is that it disrupts the viewing experience of the video and therefore there is a difficulty in attempting to avoid them. How a consumer interacts with online video advertising can come down to three stages: Pre attention, attention, and behavioral decision.[75] These online advertisements give the brand/business options and choices. These consist of length, position, adjacent video content which all directly affect the effectiveness of the produced advertisement time,[72] therefore manipulating these variables will yield different results. The length of the advertisement has shown to affect memorability where-as a longer duration resulted in increased brand recognition.[72] This type of advertising, due to its nature of interruption of the viewer, it is likely that the consumer may feel as if their experience is being interrupted or invaded, creating negative perception of the brand.[72] These advertisements are also available to be shared by the viewers, adding to the attractiveness of this platform. Sharing these videos can be equated to the online version of word by mouth marketing, extending number of people reached.[76] Sharing videos creates six different outcomes: these being "pleasure, affection, inclusion, escape, relaxation, and control".[72] As well, videos that have entertainment value are more likely to be shared, yet pleasure is the strongest motivator to pass videos on. Creating a ‘viral’ trend from a mass amount of a brand advertisement can maximize the outcome of an online video advert whether it be positive or a negative outcome.
  10. Native Advertising - This involves the placement of paid content that replicates the look, feel, and oftentimes, the voice of a platform's existing content. It is most effective when used on digital platforms like websites, newsletters, and social media. Can be somewhat controversial as some critics feel it intentionally deceives consumers.[77]
  11. Content Marketing - This is an approach to marketing that focuses on gaining and retaining customers by offering helpful content to customers that improves the buying experience and creates brand awareness. A brand may use this approach to hold a customer's attention with the goal of influencing potential purchase decisions.[78] Content marketing is a strategic marketing approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience — and, ultimately, to drive profitable customer action.[79]
  12. Sponsored Content - This utilises content created and paid for by a brand to promote a specific product or service.[80]
  13. Inbound Marketing- a market strategy that involves using content as a means to attract customers to a brand or product. Requires extensive research into the behaviors, interests, and habits of the brand's target market.[81]
  14. SMS Marketing: Although the popularity is decreasing day by day, still SMS marketing plays huge role to bring new user, provide direct updates, provide new offers etc.
  15. Push Notification: In this digital era, Push Notification responsible for bringing new and abandoned customer through smart segmentation. Many online brands are using this to provide personalised appeals depending on the scenario of customer acquisition.
  16. Influencer Marketing: Influencer marketing is a digital marketing strategy that involves partnering with individuals who have a large following on social media and other online platforms. These influencers, also known as content creators, bloggers, or social media personalities, can influence consumer behavior and decisions.[82]

It is important for a firm to reach out to consumers and create a two-way communication model, as digital marketing allows consumers to give back feedback to the firm on a community-based site or straight directly to the firm via email.[83] Firms should seek this long-term communication relationship by using multiple forms of channels and using promotional strategies related to their target consumer as well as word-of-mouth marketing.[83]

Benefits of digital marketing

[edit]

Possible benefits of digital marketing include:

  • any information that is needed is accessible at any time and/or place[84]
  • surpasses internet marketing and also possesses alternatives choices without the internet needed[85]
  • top in presenting beneficial ways and features that reach, inform, engage, offer, and sell services and products to consumers[84]
  • businesses can attain data that present target audiences based on their age, location, interests, and education[citation needed]
  • low investment, the cost per lead is 61% less expensive than traditional marketing[86]
  • able to reach every mobile user, there are over 14 billion worldwide mobile devices and with a projection to grow to almost 18 billion by the year 2024[86]

Self-regulation

[edit]

The ICC Code has integrated rules that apply to marketing communications using digital interactive media throughout the guidelines. There is also an entirely updated section dealing with issues specific to digital interactive media techniques and platforms. Code self-regulation on the use of digital interactive media includes:

  • Clear and transparent mechanisms to enable consumers to choose not to have their data collected for advertising or marketing purposes;
  • Clear indication that a social network site is commercial and is under the control or influence of a marketer;
  • Limits are set so that marketers communicate directly only when there are reasonable grounds to believe that the consumer has an interest in what is being offered;
  • Respect for the rules and standards of acceptable commercial behavior in social networks and the posting of marketing messages only when the forum or site has clearly indicated its willingness to receive them;
  • Special attention and protection for children.[87]

Strategy

[edit]

Planning

[edit]

Digital marketing planning is a term used in marketing management. It describes the first stage of forming a digital marketing strategy for the wider digital marketing system. The difference between digital and traditional marketing planning is that it uses digitally based communication tools and technology such as Social, Web, Mobile, Scannable Surface.[88][89] Nevertheless, both are aligned with the vision, the mission of the company and the overarching business strategy.[90]

Stages of planning

[edit]

Dr. Dave Chaffey, an author on marketing topics, has suggested that successful digital marketing strategies have do digital marketing planning (DMP), which is a three-stage approach: Opportunity, Strategy, and Action. This generic strategic approach often has phases of situation review, goal setting, strategy formulation, resource allocation and monitoring.[90]

Opportunity

[edit]

To create an effective DMP, a business first needs to review the marketplace and set "SMART" (Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Relevant, and Time-Bound) objectives.[91] They can set SMART objectives by reviewing the current benchmarks and key performance indicators (KPIs) of the company and competitors. It is pertinent that the analytics used for the KPIs be customized to the type, objectives, mission, and vision of the company.[92][93]

Companies can scan for marketing and sales opportunities by reviewing their own outreach as well as influencer outreach. This means they have competitive advantage because they are able to analyse their co-marketers influence and brand associations.[94]

To seize the opportunity, the firm should summarize its current customers' personas and purchase journey from this they are able to deduce their digital marketing capability. This means they need to form a clear picture of where they are currently and how many resources, they can allocate for their digital marketing strategy, i.e., labor, time, etc. By summarizing the purchase journey, they can also recognize gaps and growth for future marketing opportunities that will either meet objectives or propose new objectives and increase profit.

Strategy

[edit]

To create a planned digital strategy, the company must review their digital proposition (what you are offering to consumers) and communicate it using digital customer targeting techniques. So, they must define online value proposition (OVP), this means the company must express clearly what they are offering customers online e.g., brand positioning.

The company should also (re)select target market segments and personas and define digital targeting approaches.

After doing this effectively, it is important to review the marketing mix for online options. The marketing mix comprises the 4Ps – Product, Price, Promotion, and Place.[95][96] Some academics have added three additional elements to the traditional 4Ps of marketing Process, Place, and Physical appearance making it 7Ps of marketing.[97]

Action

[edit]

The third and final stage requires the firm to set a budget and management systems. These must be measurable touchpoints, such as the audience reached across all digital platforms. Furthermore, marketers must ensure the budget and management systems are integrating the paid, owned, and earned media of the company.[98] The Action and final stage of planning also requires the company to set in place measurable content creation e.g. oral, visual or written online media.[99]

After confirming the digital marketing plan, a scheduled format of digital communications (e.g., Gantt chart) should be encoded throughout the internal operations of the company. This ensures that all platforms used fall in line and complement each other for the succeeding stages of digital marketing strategy.

Understanding the market

[edit]

One way marketers can reach out to consumers and understand their thought process is through what is called an empathy map. An empathy map is a four-step process. The first step is through asking questions that the consumer would be thinking in their demographic. The second step is to describe the feelings that the consumer may be having. The third step is to think about what the consumer would say in their situation. The final step is to imagine what the consumer will try to do based on the other three steps. This map is so marketing teams can put themselves in their target demographics shoes.[100] Web Analytics are also a very important way to understand consumers. They show the habits that people have online for each website.[101] One particular form of these analytics is predictive analytics which helps marketers figure out what route consumers are on. This uses the information gathered from other analytics and then creates different predictions of what people will do so that companies can strategize on what to do next, according to the people's trends.[102]

  • Consumer behavior: the habits or attitudes of a consumer that influences the buying process of a product or service.[103] Consumer behavior impacts virtually every stage of the buying process specifically in relation to digital environments and devices.[103]
  • Predictive analytics: a form of data mining that involves using existing data to predict potential future trends or behaviors.[104] Can assist companies in predicting future behavior of customers.
  • Buyer persona: employing research of consumer behavior regarding habits like brand awareness and buying behavior to profile prospective customers.[104] Establishing a buyer persona helps a company better understand their audience and their specific wants/needs.
  • Marketing Strategy: strategic planning employed by a brand to determine potential positioning within a market as well as the prospective target audience. It involves two key elements: segmentation and positioning.[104] By developing a marketing strategy, a company is able to better anticipate and plan for each step in the marketing and buying process.

Sharing economy

[edit]

The "sharing economy" refers to an economic pattern that aims to obtain a resource that is not fully used.[105] Nowadays, the sharing economy has had an unimagined effect on many traditional elements including labor, industry, and distribution system.[105] This effect is not negligible that some industries are obviously under threat.[105][106] The sharing economy is influencing the traditional marketing channels by changing the nature of some specific concept including ownership, assets, and recruitment.[106]

Digital marketing channels and traditional marketing channels are similar in function that the value of the product or service is passed from the original producer to the end user by a kind of supply chain.[107] Digital Marketing channels, however, consist of internet systems that create, promote, and deliver products or services from producer to consumer through digital networks.[108] Increasing changes to marketing channels has been a significant contributor to the expansion and growth of the sharing economy.[108] Such changes to marketing channels has prompted unprecedented and historic growth.[108] In addition to this typical approach, the built-in control, efficiency and low cost of digital marketing channels is an essential features in the application of sharing economy.[107]

Digital marketing channels within the sharing economy are typically divided into three domains including, e-mail, social media, and search engine marketing or SEM.[108]

  • E-mail - A form of direct marketing characterized as being informative, promotional, and often a means of customer relationship management.[108] Organization can update the activity or promotion information to the user by subscribing the newsletter mail that happened in consuming. Success is reliant upon a company's ability to access contact information from its past, present, and future clientele.[108]
  • Social Media - Social media has the capability to reach a larger audience in a shorter time frame than traditional marketing channels.[108] This makes social media a powerful tool for consumer engagement and the dissemination of information.[108]
  • Search Engine Marketing or SEM - Requires more specialized knowledge of the technology embedded in online platforms.[108] This marketing strategy requires long-term commitment and dedication to the ongoing improvement of a company's digital presence.[108]

Other emerging digital marketing channels, particularly branded mobile apps, have excelled in the sharing economy.[108] Branded mobile apps are created specifically to initiate engagement between customers and the company. This engagement is typically facilitated through entertainment, information, or market transaction.[108]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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